The Underminding Of The Canada Health Act Essays -

The Underminding Of The Canada Health Act The Undermining of the Canada Health Act Research Assignment The Undermining of the Canada Health Act By Thomas W. McIntyre A paper submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for HSC 401 Health Care Administration Baker College November 9, 2000 This paper is an overview of the Canadian Health Care system, and the Canadian Health Care Act. Below I discuss topics that are concerns for people under this system, which include the following: The Evolution of Canadian Health Care Universality and Accessibility vs. Choice Decreasing Cost vs. Non-Profit Efficiency and Quality Implications for Nursing Practices The Future of Canadian Health Care This paper will also point out strengths and weaknesses in the Canadian Health Care system. With covering the above topics It is my intention for the reader to have an understanding of how the Canadian Health Care System functions, and what can happen in the near future. In the past, Canadas government-funded, universally accessible, health care system has been praised and admired both at home and abroad as one of the finest in the world. A great source of pride and comfort for many Canadians is that it is based on five fundamental principles. Principles that are a reflection of the values held by Canadian citizens since the formation of Medicare in 1966. These principles were reinforced in the Canada Health Act, (CHA), of 1984 according to Gordon, Mintz and Chen (1998), state that the Canadian system is universal, accessible, portable, comprehensive and non-profit. With increasing concerns of debts and deficits, Canadas publicly funded health care system has recently become the target of fiscal attack. Efforts to reform and restructure the system have produced few results. Currently, some Government officials throughout the country are looking towards a more radical approach. An approach that would see not only the reform and restructuring of the method of operation of the current system, but that would change the system entirely. The proposed idea? In provinces like Alberta, Ontario, and Nova Scotia, The Canadian Government is looking into increasing the role of the private sector in the current health care system. On December 29th, 1999, Nancy MacBeth leader of the Alberta liberal party was cited in the Edmonton Journal as saying: Theres ample evidence that the Alberta governments plan to expand the role of private health-care will contravene the Canada Health Act. This is the strongest argument against privatization. It reflects the fears of many Canadians, the fear that a two-tier system similar to that of the United States will develop. The fear that the system, which was built upon values, reflected in five principles will be eroded and replaced and that they w ill be the ones left to suffer the consequences. According to Wilson (1995), Privatization of health care would undermine the principles of the Canada Health Act and as such would undermine the integrity of the Canadian Health Care system. The Evolution of Canadian Health Care In 1966 one of Canadas most prided achievements to date was introduced to the Canadian Health Care system, and that was the implementation of Canadian Medicare. This new program of Medicare was a daring and innovative concept pioneered by Canadians for Canadians, Armstrong and Armstrong (1996). It revolutionized health care. Canadians overwhelmingly supported the new system as it reflected their values and the import they placed on universality and equal access to health care. Now, in the beginning of the new millennium, the ideals of the same system are in jeopardy. Canadians are at present feeling the effects of the restructuring of health care. Accessibility and quality are being threatened due to cutbacks coupled with a lack of funding. There is a consensus now between medical professionals, the public, and the government that the health care system is deteriorating. It is failing to provide the quality of care promised in the Canada Health Act (CHA), and prided by so many Canadians. Due to the government restructuring the strings on the public purse continue to tighten. Transfer payments from the federal government continue to decrease as provincial debt loads increase. And, although the Canadian minister of health and premier assured the Canadian public that the costs of health care were doubling or even tripling, People from the providences

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION essays

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION essays THE AGE OF EXPLORATION HAD LASTING EFFECTS ON EUROPE AND THE NEW WORLD. THREE EFFECTS WERE, ECONOMIC CHANGES, SOCIAL CHANGES AND CULTURAL CHANGES. THE ECONOMIC CHANGES HAD TO DO WITH TRADE. COUNTRIES TRADED AMONGST EACH OTHER FOR THINGS THEY WERE LACKING IN EXCHANGE FOR THINGS THEY HAD SURPLUSES OF. EUROPE, AFRICA AND AMERICA ALL TRADED WITH EACH OTHER AS WELL AS OTHER COUNTRIES. WHEN COUNTRIES TRADED THEY WOULD GET THINGS SUCH AS POTATOES AND SPICES. THEY COULD PLANT THE POTATOES AND GROW MORE ON THEIR OWN. TRADING ADDED TO PEOPLES ECONOMY, A FOOD CHAIN IS AN EXAMPLE. PEOPLE ALSO ADVANCED SOCIALLY. SOCIAL CHANGES WERE ALSO EFFECTS OF EXPLORATION. AS PEOPLE STARTED COMING IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER WHILE TRADING THEY GOT MANY NEW IDEAS FROM OTHER PEOPLE AND COUNTRIES. MANY PEOPLE BEGAN TO BEFRIEND PEOPLE FROM OTHER COUNTRIES WHICH WOULD GREATLY INCREASE TRADE. THIS LEAD TO CULTURAL CHANGES. CULTRAL CHANGES ALSO EFFECTED EUROPE DURING THE AGE OF EXPLORATION. WHEN PEOPLE CAME IN CONTACT WITH OTHER CULTURES AND COUNTRIES IT LEAD TO CULTURAL DIFFUSION. PEOPLE GOT NEW IDEAS FROM OTHERS AND ADOPTED THEM INTO THEIR OWN SOCIETY. WHEN EXPLORERS SUCH AS CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS OR VASCO DE GAMA FOUNDED NEW COUNTRIES THEY NEVER KNEW BEFORE EXISTED, THEY BROUGHT THEIR IDEAS AND WAYS OF LIVING TO THE PEOPLE LIVING IN THE NEW COUNTRIES. THIS HAPPENED CONTINUOSLY. IN CONCLUSION SOCIAL CHANGES, ECONOMIC CHANGES AND CULTURAL CHANGES IN AFRICA, AND AMERICA BOTH HAD A SPECIFIC EFFECT ON EUROPE DURING THE AGE OF EXPLORATION WHICH ADDED AND INCREASED THE PRODUCT OF THE GOLDEN AGE AS WELL. ...

Audit Committee Effectiveness and Fees

The research is about gender and audit committee effectiveness and fees. The study will discuss the research topic in detail along with the views of other authors regarding the research topic. Apart from that, research questions are set for the research topic, which is considered as the base of the research process. The research proposal will describe a detailed conception about the gender representation in the audit committee effectiveness in controlling audit fees. The research methodologies that will be used in conducting the research are mentioned in the research proposal. A section of ethics is done so that the research maintains the ethical considerations. Data collection methods and data analysis methods that will be used in conducting the research process will be mentioned in the research proposal. The research outcomes are important while proceeding the whole research so that the conclusion can be derived easily. The research topic is gender representation in audit committee effectiveness and fees. It is an important topic for research, that has vital significance in the corporate world. Audit committee is present in every big multinational company. The role of audit committee is to control the internal functions of the company and management activities. The audit committee effectiveness depends on successful controlling the practices and policies that are used in controlling accounting, operations and regulatory compliance of business entity. The topic has significance because it is seen that if female corporate executives are included in the audit committee, then the result of the audit is more effective. There are many positive implications of female representation in the audit committee as it is related to produce a quality audit report in order to protect the auditors from reducing audit fees and audit time. However, it is seen that female audit committee representation has impacted on t he audit fees and audit quality. According to Harjoto et al. (2015), corporate governance in terms of audit has extensive impact on the determinants of the audit delays and audit fees as it focuses on the board diligence, characteristics and expertise. However, the authors support gender diversity in the effectiveness of the audit quality and the firms in Australia. The journal article suggests that ethnicity diversity and gender diversity influence the firm’s audit delay and audit fees. Female CEOs are more sensitive than male CEOs in the corporate executive board and in the audit committee. Therefore, it is responsible for women in some sensitive cases of market pressure and audit delay. As per Beck and Mauldin (2015), there are many regulations that are responsible for negotiating and determining the audit fees. The article illustrates that CEOs and other members of the audit committee irrespective of gender are in charge of controlling the regulations of the audit report formation. In the time of recession, it is seen that the audit fees are seem to be reduced in larger amount. CEO of a company and the audit committee members has more or less same power regarding the power of negotiation of audit regulations and audit fees. However, CEO has more power in some aspects in the perspective f rules and regulations (Sun and Liu 2014). As stated by Huang et al. (2014), the female CEO and higher executives that are associated with the audit committee of the organizations are recognized in terms of higher audit fees. It can be seen that CEO controls the implication of the policy in the effectiveness of the audit committee. However, female CEOs are though sensitive in many issues but are efficient in many activities of communicating with the employees before making an audit report. Many employees of the organizations support female executives in the audit committee for efficient audit report. According to Xiang et al. (2015), women who are associated in the audit committee and board of directors of Chinese organizations have significant impact on reducing the audit fees. The relationship of the gender diversity and the audit fees has a direct relationship that has a positive impact on the different activities of management. It is seen that when the management of the company is weak, then the gender diversity is associated with very less amount of fees. It can be said that audit committee is formed in a voluntary process that is different from that of developed countries of United States and United Kingdom. The cultural difference is a perspective where the developing countries are different from that of developed countries. There is a condition that the Chinese business women faces some issues while dealing with the internal business issues with the developed countries (Pucheta?Martà ­nez and Garcà ­a?Meca 2014). There are some limitations related to the research. The literature gap of the research is that the women in the business world face some issues in the audit fees in some aspects. However, the different views of the authors related to the gender biasness in the CFO level and in the CEO level are not sufficient to describe the fact of the equality in the audit committee. On the other hand, it can be said that the audit are important for multinational companies so that they can correct the wrong steps or the ineffective steps in the formation of audit committees. The research questions of the research are as follows: What is the impact of gender diversity in audit committee effectiveness? What is the impact of the female inclusion in enhancing the audit quality? What is the role of gender diversity in reducing the audit fees in the big multinational companies? Research methodology is defined as the theoretical analysis, systematic methods that are applied in the particular field of study. Research methodologies usually encompasses the analysis of principles of methods postulates and rules that are employed in the course of discipline of a research (Buckley and Waring 2013). There are different kinds of research such as applied research, basic research, problem solving, problem-oriented research, quantitative research, and qualitative research. In this research, quantitative research methodologies will be used for conducting the research regarding the gender inclusion in audit committee effectiveness (Coleman and Ringrose 2013). Quantitative research methodology is the best method of research that will yield to most effective result in this situation. Quantitative research methods include simple calculations, statistics of the data collected from different types of sources regarding the research topic. Inclusion of mathematical theories in the research methods will develop a relation between the empirical observations and the mathematical representation (Jonker and Kosse 2013). The use of statistics will increase the validity of the research outcomes that will be gained after conducting the data analysis and research process. Apart from that, secondary research methods will be used for completion of the research. It is seen that implementation of the proper research methodology will enhance the enrichment of the research outcomes (Takhar-Lail and Ghorbani 2015). Research process is defined as the process adopted the conductor of the research while conducting the whole research. Research process is a vital aspect that illustrates the way of completing the steps chosen for proceeding the research. After choosing the research topic, then the research methodology is selected. The research methodology suggests the process of data collection and analysis of the research. The data will be collected from secondary sources. It is very important to determine the research process so that the whole research can be checked in the process. There are four stages of research processes. They are inquiry, collection, organization and presentation (Buckley and Waring 2013). The process of searching the actual methods of research methodology is included in the category of inquiry. Collection includes the methods of data collection whereas the organization represents the data analysis process that is a vital aspect of the research process. It has to be kept in m ind that there should be no errors in the process of analyzing the data so that the research outcomes satisfy the purpose of the research and answer to all the questions of the topic. The last stage is presentation. It represents the presentation of the completed tasks in the whole research (Lewis 2015). Data collection is defined as the process of collection of data for conducting the research. There are many types of data collection methods that are used by the observers in order to collect credible sources. The quality of the research outcomes depend on the quality of the data collected for the research. In this research, secondary data collection methods will be implemented. Secondary data includes scholarly articles and journals. The research topic that is being chosen has immense importance in business research topic (Creswell 2013). However, conducting primary methods of data collection will be a constraint while proceeding with the research. Secondary data will provide credible data that will help in analyzing the data in order to reach at a conclusion. However, data collection will be conducted at a regular interval that can serve the management purpose. Primary research methods are also included so that it can validate the secondary data that is being collected from the dif ferent executives associated in the multinational organizations of Australia (Cohen et al. 2013). Apart from the data collection methods, data analysis of the research will be done by using the methods of quantitative analysis such as standard deviation, median and descriptive statistics. However, a new form of data analysis can also be used. The McKinsey consultants have developed an approach known as MECE principle or hypothesis testing can also be used for getting the answers of the research questions (Ã…kerlind 2012). The expected research outcomes will support the intervention of female executives in the audit committee effectiveness. Apart from that, the quality of the audit will also be enhanced if females are included in the audit committee in the big multinational organizations. If the research methodologies are implemented in the research process properly then it is expected that the research will provide an enriched analysis of the research topic regarding gender diversity in audit committee effectiveness and in audit fees (Sultana et al. 2015). The research process that is explained in the research process section is a vital aspect that will validate the research result. However, the expected outcomes of the research will support the gender diversity in formulating audit reports quality. The primary mentor or supervisor of the research is the teacher or guide in the university. The supervisor has chosen the research topic that will help the readers in order to gain an idea regarding the audit committee effectiveness and role of the female corporate executives in the audit committees of multinational organization. Apart from that, the supervisor has provided an ethical checklist that will maintain all the ethical considerations of the research process (Nicol?escu 2013). The research proposal for gender diversity is the in terms of audit committee effectiveness and audit fees are explained in detail. Various types of research methodologies that is present, among them quantitative research methodology is being selected for obtaining an enriched data regarding the topic. It is mentioned in the research proposal that the research will be conducted using the data collected from both primary and secondary sources. The credibility of the data depends on the sources that have been collected from trusted sources like Google Scholar. However, an ethical checklist is being filled so that they can fulfill the ethical considerations that are compulsory for conducting the research. It will be filled in the Appendix section of the study. Ã…kerlind, G.S., 2012. Variation and commonality in phenomenographic research methods.  Higher Education Research & Development,  31(1), pp.115-127. Beck, M.J. and Mauldin, E.G., 2014. Who's really in charge? Audit committee versus CFO power and audit fees.  The Accounting Review,  89(6), pp.2057-2085. Buckley, C.A. and Waring, M.J., 2013. Using diagrams to support the research process: Examples from grounded theory.  Qualitative Research, p.14. Cohen, L., Manion, L. and Morrison, K., 2013.  Research methods in education. Routledge. Coleman, R. and Ringrose, J. eds., 2013.  Deleuze and research methodologies. Edinburgh University Press. Creswell, J.W., 2013.  Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Harjoto, M.A., Laksmana, I. and Lee, R., 2015. The impact of demographic characteristics of CEOs and directors on audit fees and audit delay.  Managerial Auditing Journal,  30(8/9), pp.963-997. Huang, T.C., Huang, H.W. and Lee, C.C., 2014. Corporate executive’s gender and audit fees.  Managerial Auditing Journal,  29(6), pp.527-547. Jonker, N. and Kosse, A., 2013. Estimating cash usage: The impact of survey design on research outcomes.  De Economist,  161(1), pp.19-44. Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.  Health promotion practice, p.15. Nicol?escu, E., 2013. Developments in corporate governance and regulatory interest in protecting audit quality.  Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, (2), pp.198-203. Pucheta?Martà ­nez, M.C. and Garcà ­a?Meca, E., 2014. Institutional investors on boards and audit committees and their effects on financial reporting quality.  Corporate Governance: An International Review,  22(4), pp.347-363. Sultana, N., Singh, H., der Zahn, V. and Mitchell, J.L., 2015. Audit Committee Characteristics and Audit Report Lag.  International Journal of Auditing,  19(2), pp.72-87. Sun, J. and Liu, G., 2014. Audit committees’ oversight of bank risk-taking.  Journal of Banking & Finance,  40, pp.376-387. Takhar-Lail, A. and Ghorbani, A., 2015. Market Research Methodologies: Multi-Method and Qualitative. Xiang, R., Qin, M. and Peterson, C.A., 2015. Gender Diversity of Audit Committees and Audit Fees: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies.  Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting,  7(2), pp.239-254.

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27

ART - Essay Example The flower vessel has got a lid or rather covering with the same decorations as those of the pot itself. This cube and the flower pot are placed on the extreme left of the picture. The second cube is placed on a large square of the same colour (light blue). Just like the first cube, this second cube is also placed on the brown wooden floor. Unlike the first cube, this cube is brightly illuminated of the three cubes and is at the central part of the photograph. On top of it are five dolls and a vase of flowers. The flowers are of various colours, ranging from pink to white. The first doll on the left hand side is bigger and taller than the others and looks like that of a middle-aged lady. She has white and pink flowers on her dark hair and she seems to be holding a bunch of flowers on her left hand .The second doll is small and is that of an old lady who appears to be sited down. She has got blue top with white sleeves and a pink dress. Next to this doll is another doll of an old man, maybe the same age with this lady and has got a grey fully grown beard. He is wearing a green top with khaki bright-brown trousers. He is also sited down. Next to these two dolls are two children whose sex is not very clear. The one next to the old man is dressed in purple top and bright-brown trousers as well. The next doll is dressed in pink top and brown trousers. These two appear to be in good moods and they appear like they are hugging and kissing. They are all sited except for the first one who is standing in what appears to be a green mat. At the background is a very clear reflection from the bright lighting and a shadow of this cube, the dolls and the flowers. Next to this is the last cube which is identical to the first one only that it is dimly illuminated and therefore its colour appears a little bit dull. On top is a flower

Monetary policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monetary policy - Essay Example The normal fluctuation rate dictated by ERM is + or – 15 percent. However, countries that are able to maintain very high degree of convergence to the Euro can negotiate narrow fluctuation band (range). For example, Danish fluctuation rate has been allowed a narrow range of + or – 2.25 percent because it was able to maintain excellent convergence to the euro. The main reason of controlled currency fluctuations is to minimize foreign currency risks caused by high and sudden currency value fluctuations. Stabilization of the national currency through pegging system helps to promote trade by minimizing trading barriers. Trade barriers (increase in currency exchange costs) result from sudden fluctuations in foreign currencies that may increase cost of doing international business. Pegging currencies in the euro zone was aimed at speeding up the adoption of single market. In the event that European Union member currency surpasses predetermined currency fluctuation range, the E uropean Central Bank and the central bank of that nation should intervene by fixing foreign exchange rates consistent to country’s economic needs. This is in a bid to ensure that the exchange rates are kept within the fluctuation range. The European Central Bank can advance short term loans to rectify currency fluctuations in the short run caused by instant speculative pressure. However, short term interventions by The European Central Bank can be suspended if interventions contradict with objectives and aims of both the European Central Bank and country’s central bank. Membership to EMR II is not mandatory but is a prerequisite foe any country, which wants to join the euro zone. No country will be admitted to euro zone until it participated in EMR II for at least two years with no severe tensions and devaluations. ii) Advantages and disadvantages of resulting from agreements with EU to Peg the Pound to the Euro and join the European Monetary Union a) Pegging the Pound to the Euro When a country is pegged to a euro, movement in the euro is followed by movement in the currency associated with it. There are some advantages associated with pegging the pound to the euro. First, the euro is becoming popular. Euro has become favorable international currency for most governments. Most countries outside the euro zone have already pegged their currencies to the euro and are enjoying financial stability. Euro provides shelter against unexpected drops in individual currencies. Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Cape have not adopted the euro but have pegged their currencies to the euro. This makes the euro stronger and stable. Secondly, pegging pound to euro will reduce pounds’ fluctuations (shocks). Pound will gain strength and stability as euro gain strength. According to Ghosh et al (2002), pound will achieve more clarity, transparency and predictability if pegged to the euro. This is because currency pegging imposes necessary d iscipline when country is dealing with foreign exchange currencies. Third, pegging pound to euro helps to enhance pound’s credibility. Credibility will be achieved when pound is pegged to euro, which has lower and increasingly predictable rate of inflation. There are disadvantages associated with pegging pound to the euro. First, pound is likely to lose value when euro loses value. This is because changes in anchor currencies will affect associated

Evaluate the Effectiveness of Business Information Essay Example for Free

Evaluate the Effectiveness of Business Information Essay PepsiCo Inc. is an American multinational food and beverage corporation headquartered in Purchase, New York, United States, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which include an acquisition of Tropicana in 1998 and a merger with Quaker Oats in 2001—which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio. P5 DESCRIBE THE INFLUENCE OF TWO CONTRASTING ECONOMIC ENVIROMENTS ON BUSINESS ACTIVITIES WITHIN A SELECTED ORGANISATION. KENYA Kenya officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator. With the Indian to its south-east, it is bordered by Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya has a land area of 580,000 km2 and a population of a little over 43 million residents. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africas highest mountain peaks. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi. INDIA India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;[d] China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. Economic factors affecting PepsiCo: Unemployment: Kenya recorded its ultimate high level of unemployment in 2011 reaching 40% unemployment. This would affect PepsiCo in the following ways: †¢ The demand of goods will decrease, because consumers will no longer have money to spend. †¢ Total revenue will decrease due to lack of purchases by a customers †¢ However government may decrease tax in order to encourage businesses to employ more. †¢ The public will be desperate for jobs and therefore will be willing to settle for a lower paying job †¢ The*re will be a lower chance of staff turnover. Unemployment rate has decreased significantly in the past year this could affect the business in the following ways: †¢ People will be willing to spend more on PepsiCo’s products thus increasing total revenue. †¢ There will be a rise in demand thus increasing profit. †¢ PepsiCo can now expand and will not have to worry about workforce †¢ However, staff may demand higher salaries as they see many other opportunities opening up †¢ There is a high chance of staff turnover. Inflation rate Inflation occurs when there is a general rise in the price of goods in the whole economy The inflation rate in Kenya was recorded at 3.25 percent in November of 2012. Inflation Rate in Kenya is reported by the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Historically, from 2005 until 2012, Kenya Inflation Rate averaged 12.5 Percent reaching an all-time high of 31.5 Percent in May of 2008 and a record low of 3.2 Percent in October of 2010. In Kenya, the inflation rate measures a broad rise or fall in prices that consumers pay for a standard basket of goods. This means that: †¢ the capital Pepsi uses for buying raw materials is reducing due to a fall in prices †¢ Staff will no longer be too concerned about their real value of their income. †¢ Consumers will now be able to afford better established labels like Pepsi. †¢ However, because of the general decrease in prices, Pepsi may not be able to justify any price increase. The inflation rate in India was recorded at 7.45 percent in October of 2012. Inflation Rate in India is reported by the Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation. Historically, from 1969 until 2012, India Inflation Rate averaged 7.8 Percent reaching an all-time high of 34.7 Percent in September of 1974 and a record low of -11.3 Percent in May of 1976. In India, the inflation rate measures a broad rise or fall in prices that consumers pay for a standard basket of goods inflation rate in India is high this means that: †¢ Staff will become concerned about their real income high wage demands are likely and there could be an increase in industrial disputes. †¢ Consumers are likely to become more prices sensitive and look for bargains rather than big names causing revenue to decrease. †¢ The living standard will drop, therefore PepsiCo will have to reduce prices or risk losing their customers. †¢ However, consumers will make purchases faster fearing that prices will rise even more. Interest Rate The benchmark interest rate in India was last recorded at 8 percent. Interest Rate in India is reported by the Reserve Bank of India. Historically, from 2000 until 2012, India Interest Rate averaged 6.5 Percent reaching an all-time high of 14.5 Percent in August of 2000 and a record low of 4.3 Percent in April of 2009. This will affect pepsi in the following ways: †¢ Pepsi will be unable to borrow and therefore will have to cut down on cost thus producing less †¢ Pepsi will be unable to expand if they are not willing to pay 8%. †¢ However, if pepsi feels like the 8% is within their budget then they would probably be safe to borrow seing as the rates are stable. The benchmark interest rate in Kenya was last recorded at 11 percent. Interest Rate in Kenya is reported by the Central Bank of Kenya. Historically, from 1991 until 2012, Kenya Interest Rate averaged 15.1 Percent reaching an all-time high of 84.7 Percent in July of 1993 and a record low of 0.8 Percent in September of 2003. In Kenya, interest rates decisions are taken by The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Central Bank of Kenya. This will affect pepsi in the following ways: †¢ It will cause a fall in production. †¢ It will cause a faal in profits due to controlled spending. †¢ However interest rates are likely to fall as we can see from the gragh above. Comparison of the economy in both India and Kenya both the Kenyan and indian economy are recovering from an economic crunch. If you compare the inflation rates of Kenya and india with their respective interest rates they correspond. This is because when inflation is high, the government needs to control spending and to do this, they need to increase interest inorder to encourage spending

TIMELINE of the Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers

TIMELINE of the Atomic Bomb. 1942 May - Heisenberg and Dopel observe the first multiplication of neutrons. December 2 - First nuclear chain reaction at Chicago's Stagg Field by Fermi. 1943 March 15 - Oppenheimer moves the bomb development to Los Alamos. 1944 August 26 - Bohr presents his memorandum on intentional control of nuclear weapons to Roosevelt. 1945 January 20 - First Uranium-235 separated at Oak Ridge. July 16 - U.S. explodes first atomic bomb, the Trinity test, at Alamogordo. August 6,9 - Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. (Blow) The atomic bomb gets its energy from fission (splitting) of the nuclei (core) of uranium or plutonium atoms. Albert Einstein explained how the fission of heavy atoms could produce energy released as dangerously high levels of heat and radiation. He published his theory in 1905 which is the well-known equation E = m c-squared. This states that a given mass (m), is associated with an amount of energy (E), equal to this mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light (c).(Blow) A very small amount of matter is equivalent to a vast amount of energy. For example, 1 kg of matter converted completely into energy would be equivalent to the energy released by exploding 22 megatons of TNT. The neutron is the most effective particle to cause uranium fission. Only one neutron is needed to split an atom. When the atom fissions (splits), it splits into two smaller atoms which are most always radioactive and releases an enormous amount of energy and two or three neutrons. The neutrons released could then possibly hit other nuclei of uranium, which causes them to split in the same fashion. This is a chain reaction (a series of fissions).

Dr Jekyll

sTara Stockage Mr. Robinson Dorian Gray and Jekyll Hyde Comparison Essay A March 22, 2013 Comparative Essay The Picture of Dorian Gray and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are both written during the same time period which take place in the 1800s which is the Victorian era. Both stories take place in London. These novels both are written in regards to the gothic style of writing. The Strange case of Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde vs. The Picture of Dorian Gray. The novels, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll & Mr.Hyde; written by author Robert Louis Stevenson; and, The Picture of Dorian Gray, written by Oscar Wilde, share the theme of contrast of human nature and personality. One of the aspects that both Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray have in common is the contrast of human nature. Just as Jekyll claims that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two†, Dorian proposes that â€Å"Each of us has Heaven an d Hell in him†. In both stories the characters have a way of overlooking the evidence of their own mistakes.Jekyll calms himself by thinking that â€Å"It was Hyde . . . and Hyde alone that was guilty† and by this he was trying to fix the wrongs that Hyde committed. Dorian on the other hand attempted to apologize to Sibyl by writing her a letter after which made him feel as if he was forgiven. Shortly after finishing the letter he learn about Sibyl’s death and overlooks the first changes that his painting goes through and blocks the guilt by thinking â€Å"What did it matter what happened to the colored image on the canvas?He would be safe. That was everything† Dorian says these words to help him escape the obvious truth. The internal conflict of Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde also can be compared to Oscar Wilde’s The picture of Dorian Gray. Both Mr. Jekyll and Gray go through many experiences that lead them to live a double life. Jekyll i s curious scientist who drinks a potion that makes him turn into a vulgar and tempered man. Jekyll likes the idea of becoming someone else, without anybody truly knowing who Mr. Hyde is.Dorian Gray is a curious and young gentleman who also falls victim to his hope to stay young forever, without anybody really knowing what his true practice is. When we compare both Dorian Gray and Jekyll it is important to say that they both are seen as normal kind good man that both have a dark secret. As being Mr. Hyde, Jekyll feels like he has more freedom to do whatever he wants without being caught as his real self. Both Gray and Jekyll desire to live a life of freedom from discrimination and act towards any wish, but in the end it brings trouble to both because they are hurting people at the same time.Another comparison of these characters is that throughout their experiences, they finally come to terms with their mistakes and the basis to the problem. They both ended their life in their own te rms, by killing the monster that they had become. Gray killed himself by ultimately slaying his portrait that represented the horror and real person that he had become, while Jekyll poisoned himself. I believe in the end they did have sympathy for the horrible things that they had committed, and that is why they killed themselves. Killing themselves, relived them from what they had to live with for the rest of their lives.I feel that the authors of the novels chose to describe the charters this way to have a certain impact of the audience. I believe the authors wanted to make the readers see both sides of the character through a different view point. Also I believe they also wrote it because the authors were describing the person they wish they could be. I believe both authors believe that human nature is always changing. I think that the artist are saying that during their time period known and the Victorian era the human nature of people were always changing .

Motivation of Nurses in Healthcare

Nurses and the healthcare industry are having to deal with stressed and De-motivated employees, and never before has levels of Job satisfaction, stress and burnout been so high among nurses In the healthcare industry (Graham, 2006) . The aim of this Annotated Bibliography is to examine the motivation of nurses in healthcare, and specifically to find and study the different motivational theories which Improve levels of motivation among nurses.As stated by (Wham and Ogle, 2007) the question of how to improve the level of motivation in the healthcare industry is perceived to be at the heart of the contemporary health care management debate. The study builds to show that motivation Is multidimensional and complex needing clearer definitions, If searchers and practitioners are wanting to influence behaviors to motivate others. Similarly, (Hugh, 1995) had the same conclusion that motivating staff to Improve Involves many Interlinking factors. Hugh, 1995) goes on to show that through traini ng and continuing education a team's confidence and capability are enhanced creating an environment which is essential to maintaining momentum of continuous Increases In staff motivation and enthusiasm for improvement. Likewise, (Lee, 2000) suggests that motivation Is gained by empowering nurses to become role models, to mentor and motivate others. Which in turn enhances employees' motivation and professional development. The two articles (Wick.DOSS and Northman, 2009) and (Young. Albert, Apaches and Meyer, 2007) are similar in there approach by both identifying incentives to motivate employees. Both articles indicate a breakdown exists between nurse management and nurse practitioners with management not actively listening to nurse who express job stress and dissatisfaction. Both articles suggest flexible work schedules to improve levels of job satisfaction and individualized work incentives. Reference Externally, V. , and Satellite, E. 007) Improving motivation among health care wo rkers in private health care organizations- a perspective of nursing 1 OF 7 personnel, Baltic Journal AT Management, 2(2), 213-224 Alma/ Purpose 10 explore ten experiences of nursing personnel, in terms of their motivation and satisfaction. To identify areas for sustainable improvement to the health care services they provide. Article Type Research Article( quantitative) and brief literature review Method Sample 237 registered nurse practitioners and 30 nurse executive with a 97% returning quota of questionnaires.Data Collection 2 week response time to return survey. 9 close ended questions divided into 11 evaluation parts. Data Analysis: in order to identify barriers to motivation 99 questions were divided into 11 parts based on: Social-psychological competencies Clinical expertise competencies Educational competencies Managerial administration competencies Activity environment Communication and collaboration Responsibility Results and encouragement Autonomy Self realization Activi ty purposefulness.Each question had two elements or responses to them either reflecting the external or internal motivators of each situation. A score was arranged between the responses Findings Findings were presented individually in 11 parts. Interestingly nurse practitioners and executives both believe personnel empowerment and motivation comes from continuing development and evaluation of personnel problems. Both didn't foresee that the development of teamwork competencies and structuring of activity of scope of practice as affective ways of motivation.Conclusions The article concluded that with an increase demand for higher productivity, a changing health care systems and managed health care activity restrictions staff motivation is affected, with higher Job dissatisfaction and increased burnout rates. The research concluded that social factors influenced motivators: Motivation decreases when nurses aren't empowered and not autonomous in activity. Motivation increases when nurs es collaborate with physicians by parity. Results showed no difference between nurse practitioners and executives.Strengths Clearly written and articulated The authors is neutral in undertaking research and the viewpoints between nurse practitioners Ana nurse executives. I en autonomous plants toner areas AT research needed. The validity of the research paper can't be questioned and is therefore a useful reference in future studies. Weaknesses The quality of nursing cannot be assessed in terms of performance referenced criteria, but only in terms of personal qualities displayed in that performance. The characteristics of the provided sample limited the results. Reference Hugh, K. 1995) Motivating staff through teamwork: process review and data display. Health management Journal. 21(4), 32-35. Aim/purpose identify interlinking factors to motivate staff, in terms of total quality management and team work in a healthcare setting. Article type Critique Approach Examines claims there are four interconnecting intervention factors which are essential to motivating staff are: Understanding the psychology of excellence in teams Establishing cross-functional quality improvement teams Understanding and reviewing processes of care and service Using data display to motivate.The article also uses psychology to understand total quality management and seeks to show how through teamwork staff become empowered in numbers and motivated. The author attempts to involve six issues which attempts to be a key determinate of staff motivation levels: Awareness of the employee trail Awareness of psychological issues Managing the existing culture of staff Increasing quality improvement attitudes in staff Integration of human resource management into operational teamwork Keeping jargon too minimum. Conclusion Describes four major factors which have practical implications, to motivate staff.The author points out that training and continuing education enhances team's confidence and capabili ty, and that these factors are essential to maintain momentum and increase staff motivation and enthusiasm for improvement. Strengths The strength of the paper is it is descriptive in nature, and provides the deader with numerous way to improve motivation of employees. Weaknesses The weakness of the paper is it use limited sources back up it claims. The author also appears to be bias in his approach drawing on his own experiences or opinions rather then using evidence based practice.Reference Wick, K. , Dols, J. , and Northman, S. (2000)What nurses want: the nurse incentives project. Nursing economics Journal. 27(3), 169-201. Aim/purpose To explore the relationship between specific factors, which can be managed or changed to improve motivation and Job satisfaction. The authors aims to show that nurse Job distraction, physician interactions, policies or autonomy are all related to staff motivation. Article type Research Method An anonymous survey involving 22 hospital systems and 5,1 76 Runs was circulated. Only 1 ,559 of the anonymous surveys were analyses.This study was designed to allow predictive modeling of a set of independent variables, by including incentives and disincentives, in relation to what causes nurses to be dissatisfied and unmotivated in their Jobs. An online survey was also conducted over a 3 month period using the hospitals intranet, staff were made aware of the online survey through use of flyers. The data collected from both surveys, were analyses using the perceived stress scale. This scale isn't specifically for nurses and therefore isn't clinical oriented. The scale is a simple 10 item scale, involves respondents to respond from a range of â€Å"never† to â€Å"very often. The ASS score ranged from 10 to 50. The data used was then compared the mean age of nurses involved and the ethnicity. Findings The article shows that the mean age of nurses involved in the survey is 42. 24 years, with 88. 5% of respondents being female. The e thic breakdown was 5. 3% African American, 6. % Asian, 70. 3% Caucasian, 16. 4% Hispanic, and 1. 3% listed other or no response. Conclusion The results were compared with the levels of staff dissatisfaction and stress showing a direct correlation between increased stress results in De-motivated staff and higher levels of Job dissatisfaction.The levels of dissatisfaction and De-motivation was also comparatively different between the generations, as well as the incentives which staff through the survey identified as means of improving motivation levels. The article recommends that to improve levels of motivation management needs to revive flexible benefits to help create a cohesive work environment. By regarding the role of incentives in designing an environment where benefits and perks will be seen as incentives to perform tasks promptly and thrive in the current nursing workplace.Strengths The strength of this paper is it draws information from a variety of sources increasing the re liability of the document. The data collected is presented statistically and clearly. By using a variety of methods it increases the validity of the paper. Weaknesses A low response rate of 30% could serve as a attention source of bias as some groups or hospitals maybe under-represented. Rather then present ways to improve motivation and levels of dissatisfaction, the article shows that levels of dissatisfaction and motivation are low. With high levels of staff indicating that they are unmotivated and stressed in there Jobs.Reference Lee, L. (2000) Motivation, mentoring and empowerment. The nursing management Journal. 1 (12) 25-27. Aim/purpose To define motivation, and to show that through empowerment and mentoring staff become more motivated to perform. Article type Meta-analysis of literature Approach The author uses the evidence presented by 7 well known nursing journals to define motivation as â€Å"that which impels or compels movement or action. † I en paper contributed to ten area Dye suggesting Tour stages to Deescalate motivation, mentoring and empowerment: Input: motivate employees.Process: mentoring to channel motivation to reach goals. Output: completed goals creates empowerment. Feedback: empowered nurse has greater self-esteem and competence. The article is based on nursing practice to improve quality of care and enhance understanding of the nurse leaders role in motivation, mentoring and empowerment. The article suggests taking a test to identify how one can implement motivation, mentoring and empowerment to encourage higher achievement, to identify characteristics of a successful mentor/protog relationship, and differentiate the stages of motivation, mentoring and empowerment.Conclusion The article shows how mentoring and empowerment of nurses gives nurses freedom to be creativity and to turn ideas into action. The article shows how current literature suggests that a creative climate in which employees can perform, become motivated in th eir work and are able to motivate themselves and others. The author states that motivation, mentoring and empowerment aren't separate identities. The author shows how motivation and empowerment fuel mentoring. And that through mentoring protogs become empowered, which enhances professional development and motivation.Strengths The article in itself is motivation, encouraging researchers to become empowered and motivated and to think about think about other means to motivate others that haven't been thought of before to contribute to this area of knowledge and research. Weaknesses The paper is limited and weakened by not using enough information from scholarly peered reviewed resources. , making very generalized statements. Reference Young, C. , Albert, N. , Apaches, S. , and Meyer, K. (2007) The ‘parent shift' program: incentives for nurses, rewards for nursing teams.Nursing Economics Journal. 25(6) 339-344. Aim/purpose To introduce the ‘parent shift' program as innovativ e model of attracting, retaining and motivating nurses to return into the workforce. The study aims to show how the parent shift nurse program decreases stress, improves time efficiency of full time staff and also improves motivation of involved staff and those that work with them. Article type Research (quantitative) Method The prospective, descriptive, comparative survey research study was conducted in a 1000+ bed hospital.The survey was anonymous and conducted over a 12 month period, and conducted on day one of commencement and 4 months after. This survey was also conducted in reference to the nursing management, who were given a salary survey wanly was contacted 4 months rater ten Implementation. I n data was summarized by mean and standard deviation. Nursing motivators were ranked on percentage and nursing management and URN roles responses were compared. Conclusion A brief literature review was conducted at the start of the article which found that in one study that those invo lved in the parent shift program that 98. % of respondents found the program extremely useful. And also found that in terms of nursing management it decreased overtime and burnout, and collaboration and team work was also enhanced among nurses. The literature review also stated that nurses motivation and retained in the workforce improved 41. 5% when the current employer accommodated their scheduling needs. In all areas it was found that nurse involved were less stressed, team work improved and URN cohesiveness improved. It was found that a supportive work environment, was created due to flexible working environment.Strengths The study suggests other areas to be improved upon if research is undertaken in the same field again. (program affects on teamwork, interruptions, models of care implementation, ability to meet non-patient care responsibilities and the dynamics of specific roles and responsibilities could strengthen the program). Weaknesses Large sampling size resulted in a gen eralization of results. Only operated for a short time. Other staff members working along side those involved in the program weren't revered.And was identified as an important factor in continued program participation. The literature review which was conducted prior research was short and didn't provide enough information. Conclusion This annotated bibliography highlighted many different opinions and studies related to motivating employees. The research into this topic supports the belief that employee motivation is related to empowerment, mentoring, continued education and autonomy within the workplace. Of the five articles in this annotated bibliography all come to the similar conclusion and finding .They analyses and viewed a sufficient number of studies and theories in the area of motivating staff in the healthcare environment. It can be concluded that motivation increases when nurses collaborate with physicians, the nursing profession is respected and recognized as autonomous a nd valued by themselves and other healthcare professionals. After analysis of the sources of motivation among nurses as shown through the respective annotations, it is evident that management needs to listen to employees and recognize when motivation is an issue in their unit and the incentives needed to re-motivate staff.

Profession and Cultural Language

Profession and Cultural Language Executive summary Psychology is one among many professions that is considered to be fulfilling. The psychologists are concerned with the behavior of human beings. They are mainly interested in solving problems that are emotional and mental.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Profession and Cultural Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their aim is to help patients recover and live normal lives. Like in other professions psychology has its own culture and language. Culture and language are revealed in their daily practice as they solve different problems. Culture is evident in the training, teamwork, research, work and experience, ethics, communication and use of internet, working environment. Language is interactive, with frequent use of psychological concepts and based on research. To become a psychologist one trains as an undergraduate for four years. They later work under the supervision of a qualified and regi stered psychologist. Training enables learners to acquire the language used in the working environment. Experience is gained over time and the individual is considered valuable and knowledgeable. Psychologists learn to deal with different individuals from diverse background and assist them equally. Teamwork yields excellent results as the tasks to be covered are adequately and efficiently done. Effective communication skills have an impact on the quality of work. Written and verbal communication is frequently used. The emails are also used communicate both within and outside the institution. Psychologist can either be self employed or be employed in different organizations. They can work in the area of development of research or be involved with patients. Patients have behavioral problems like drug abuse, mental illness among other emotional problems. They give assistance while observing ethical guidelines provided by the psychological regulatory boards.Advertising Looking f or report on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychology engages in research to generate knowledge and to find solutions for emerging problems. Concepts that are used in the profession are as result of the concepts. The findings of research are verifiable and recognized by authorities. Research influence policy making and can be effective in preventing undesirable behavior. Introduction There are many professions that one could join. Before joining students evaluate what their interest is and choose a profession from a long list. Among many professions, psychology is a widely known profession that has been practiced over many years. Many who join the profession are interested in helping people who have emotional and others with mental illnesses. Psychology is a well developed profession. It has well established and developed theories as discussed in the Occupational outlook handbook (2011, p. 1). Those who train in psychology can be employed in institutions and can be self employed. Moreover the field has the challenge of dealing with behavioral problems that have emerged in the contemporary world. Like many other professions, psychology has its own culture and language. This report will identify and discuss the culture and language within psychology. The culture and language of psychology Psychologists though different in areas of specialty have commonality in their practices and language. They observe regulations and ethics of the profession. They focus on behavior to assist patient overcome difficulties and lead healthy lives (Flinders.edu, 2010, p. 2). The America Psychology Association (2011, p. 1) indicates that research is at the core of the profession as theories are developed through research. Concepts are also developed and used as professional language to refer to specific ideas. The language used is understood amongst them and is part of their daily work. Culture withi n the field of psychology Training Training marks the beginning of a professional journey in psychology. All psychologists are trained to be competent professionals in accredited institutions. They cover units relevant to the field as the tutors mentor them. They participate in individual work, group work and work as interns in psychological institutions.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Profession and Cultural Language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also engage in research in the relevant field. The training prepares them to be knowledgeable, efficient, effective, team workers and to rely on verifiable knowledge. Those who undergo training can choose to specialize in different areas. they can become sports psychologists, social psychologists, school psychologists, engineering psychologists, clinical psychologists, cognitive and perceptual psychologists, counseling psychologists, educational psychologists, de velopmental psychologists, evolutionary psychologists, experimental psychologists, forensic psychologists, health psychologists, industrial psychologists, rehabilitation psychologists, research psychologists and neuropsychologist (America Psychology Association 2011, p. 2). After training for four year training in an undergraduate program, the psychologist works under the supervision of qualified and practicing psychologist for two years. Thereafter they can be registered with the professional bodies (Flinders.edu, 2010, p. 4). Team work A common observation in today’s organizations is the adoption of teamwork in the working environment. Teamwork encourages the psychologist to complement each other as well as motivate each other while working. They contribute ideas and share ideas within the teams. A team leader who is a member of the team is in charge of the team. Psychologists share ideas in their team and better decisions are made. However, decisions take a very long time to be concluded and disagreements within the team can affect the efficiency of work negatively. Teamwork creates a competitive environment. Those who fail to meet the targets required and have difficulties coping are likely to be relieved from their work. Research Knowledge on used in the study of psychology is obtained from research findings. The psychologists investigate on a prevailing problem among patient to find explanations of the causes and also find solutions. What is more research can be done to generate knowledge.Advertising Looking for report on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides generating information, research facilitates the psychologist to make informed decisions. Information obtained from research is trusted by the authorities and can influence change in policy. Research is also an effective tool in prediction. Policies can be adopted to prevent undesirable situations in the future from happening. Research helps identify the changes that have occurred and helps the professional deal with specific situations accurately. The information obtained clarifies doubts and differentiate facts from myths. They get information from literature review, observations and investigations. Psychological institutions are diverse in their objectives and goals. The research is done within the organizational objective. The findings are presented inform of report. The report gives details on the investigation done, the findings and the recommendations. Implementation of the recommendations requires may have financial effect among other outcomes. In accordance with the America Psychology Association (2011, p. 1) research is vital in finding solutions to emerging problems. Individuals keep changing behavior which leads to new problems. Research generates knowledge that is used to train new professionals. Moreover the knowledge helps understand different cultures of the world. Work and Experience Lannon (2010) argues that the most experienced psychologists are valuable to their institutions. They are seen as a reservoir of knowledge. The patients prefer those with experience too. Gaining experience means that one must be practicing and at the same time take note of the new developments in the field. Psychologists work hand in hand with other professionals. They work with policy makers, the medical practitioners, school educators and courts as well as interact with a wide range of professionals. They assist people handle mental challenges and emotional experiences so that they can have healthy relationships within their environment. Their advice is highly regarded in disaster management where people are traumatized. There are many opportunities for those who train as psychologists as pointed out by the America Psychology Association (2011, p., 1). Psychologist can provide counseling in a firm, be involved in research, become educators in education institute and may also become a consultant for both individuals and society. Problems that psychologist treat are behavioral and constantly increasing. Some include adolescent rebellion, drug addiction, stress related to work and family life, disasters related trauma and other ailments that are emotional or mental in nature. The field of psychology is one of the most fulfilling professions that last as long as the psychologist is healthy and capable of working. Ethics The ethics within the psychology discipline must be followed. According to Lannon (2010) ethical issues require understanding between members of a profession such that there are well laid regulations and standards that must be followed. Ethics in psychology is requiring psychologist to be conduct themselves in the acceptable manner when handling the patients. Like in other professional bodies, psychology has its own ethics that are stipulated by the psychological regulatory boards, the state and other organizations within the profession (America Psychology Association 2011, p. 2). The significance of following the ethics is ensuring that patients receive quality services. Ethics originate from the professionals. They engage in discussions that lead to formulation of the ethics. The more experienced psychologist is the more likely they are to give contributions. Experienced psychologists give major contributions in the discussions. In some cases they vote before implementing or discarding the idea. Those who violate the ethics could receive sanction from either the state or the psychological organizations. Psychologists have to learn different personalities to be able to communicate. Psychologists deal with different people with unique problems. Listening is given important so that they clearly understand the patient. Communication and use of internet Communication between the professional and patients is important. Within the workplace there are various forms of communication. They include written, verbal and non verbal. The written form of communication is usually formal. It is used by the superiors to communicate to the employees. They give instructions and communicate changes in written memos and letters. The employees use written communication to give feedback to their superiors. The employees request for assistance and give reports inform of writing (America Psychology Association 2011, p. 2). Consistent with Lannon (2010) the world has many developments in technology which have been incorporated in the working environment. The employer and employees use the internet in communication. The emails have been used to recruit and to communicate within the organization. Psych ology is no exception. Patients can get assistance from online psychologists who offer services over the web. The internet is very rich in knowledge and can be handy in assisting professionals find facts very fast. Other institutions have used the internet to communicate with the patients. The institutions have web pages that are designed by the employees to get feedback. Working environment The Occupational outlook handbook (2011) mentions that the working environment in different institutions is diverse. The diversity is identical to the different subfields of psychology and the goals of the institutions. The psychologist adapts to the culture and the goals of the organization that they join. The psychologist gives high regard to patient. The patient is assured of confidence by the psychologist who offers to assist them. After being assured of confidentiality, patient feels liberated to talk to the psychologist. Additionally, they are not supposed to be condemning the patient if t hey confess, their role is to be understanding and have a relationship that will be effective in helping the patient recover. Language within the field of psychology Interactive language Psychologist interacts with the patients engage in a face to face conversation. They maintain good relations. Verbal conversations matter a lot as the psychologist uses a polite and friendly tone while assisting the patient. During the four year training the student of psychology learns the concepts used. They engage in literature review to understand their meaning and importance. Moreover, they can learn about the concepts during internship in a psychological institution. More concepts are learnt in the journals after the publication of an article or a book. Knowledge is cumulative and with time one adds knowledge on the concepts they know and use in conversation or in writing (America Psychology Association 2011, p. 2). Use of psychological concepts Language is one of the best ways of expressing o neself as Lannon (2010) indicates. The language an individual uses gives a lot of information about what the individual. In psychology, language use is important for both the patient and the psychologist. There are several important concepts used in everyday life of a psychologist. According to the America Psychology Association (2011, p. 1) the word psychology refers to the study of an individual’s behavior. This is different from sociology which investigates the behavior of people as a society. What an individual thinks is the concern of the psychologist. To be able to assist an individual they have to understand the individual behavior. Research Concepts used in psychology are generated from research. The concepts are used by psychologist to refer to specific ideas or conditions. The concepts are developed for easy communication within the field. They are more specific and well understood by the professional (America Psychology Association 2011, p. 1). The psychologist use s the language of the patient to communicate. The language in most cases should be simple. The psychologist explains meaning of complex words to patients when they request for explanation. While communicating, the psychologist is sensitive to different communities and diversity in the use of language. They pay attention not to use words that may be offensive in a community. Moreover they pay attention to the age and of the patient while making a conversation. For instance children require a polite conversation. Conclusion Psychology is a field whose objective is to assist individuals overcome emotional and mental problems. The professional language and culture are learnt throughout ones professional life. Research is very important and increases the knowledge and helps solve problems. It generates concepts used in the field and influences policy. The students specialize in different areas after training. Working as a psychology requires one to be good in communication teamwork and o bserve the ethics of the profession. Moreover one has to learn to work in an environment with diverse people. Reference List America Psychology Association. (2011). Career in Psychology. Web. Flinders.edu. (2010). The Psychology Profession. Web. Lannon, J. M. (2010). Technical communication 11th edition. Web. Occupational outlook handbook. (2011). Psychologist. Web.

The ways children and adults may respond to media content that Essay

The ways children and adults may respond to media content that contains explicit material - Essay Example These programs show objectionable and socially offending content including promiscuity, violence, drug abuse and occultism among others. This paper examines the complaints that objectionable media content has generated, emphasizing on critical analysis of the linkage between the contents and the objections raised by the society. Complaints to objectionable content Various media contents have generated negative criticism from the society. Some of the complaints originate from particular segments of the society while others elicit widespread criticism. In a research study investigating the reactions of the society to objectionable media content, Stephenson (2007) identified religion, race, and culture in addition to sexual orientation as the major factors determining how particular media content is received in the society. In American society, the minority groups have been raising concerns about how their image is portrayed in the media. In the movie industry for instance Adler, et al( 2007) noted that most African American males play violent and vulgar roles that portray them as hardcore criminals with an inclination of abusing hard drugs. In addition, many television programs focusing on black people portray the negative side such as poverty, crime and chronic disease infection in addition to broken and unhappy families. These programs have recently fallen under heavy criticism because they hardly show achievements or positive side of the black people in the community. The negative media publicity of the minorities, especially in developed countries has been attributed by Bushman and Cantor (2003) as the leading cause of reinforcing crime, drug abuse and other social problems, among the minority groups. In addition, they promote racial prejudice, where a particular race is regarded with scorn, suspicion and mistrust. Besides negative depiction of African Americans, portrayal of people from East Asian countries such as Japan and china in the media is equally bias ed compared to white actors. A study conducted by Stephenson (2007) established that most movies with male actors from oriental countries portray them as extremely violent and cold hearted with exemplary martial arts skills. Similarly, female actors from these countries are portrayed as delicate, weak and sexually attractive. This perception creates an impression that Asian females are incompatible with their violent, cold hearted and inhuman counterparts in romantic relationships. Sexually explicit and pornographic programs are some of the most heavily criticized media content in all segments of the society. In extremely conservative societies and religious groups, media programs that broadcast scanty dressing or behavior with sexual overtone are not allowed (Adler, et al 2007). Pornographic content is considered as the epitome of sexual immorality in most societies. Currently, restricting access to pornographic materials to the young people is among the top priorities in most coun tries. Sexually explicit media contents are attributed to promoting promiscuity and other adverse sexual behavior, such as pedophilia, rape and homosexuality. Effect of objectionable content on behavior High prevalence of violent crime, promiscuity, drug abuse and other social disorders have been credited to the negative influence of

Answer a question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer a question - Essay Example Similarly, Andrews and Karlin purports that metacognition is the way an individual is aware of what they know and what they do not know. Moreover, it is also known as the knowledge and the control an individual has over his own learning, thinking, and how he analyzes his thought processes (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (page 29 Line 1 to 4). Evidently, metacognition is related to thinking, especially when one is analyzing their thought process of not understanding a concept as well as the ability of communicating ones lack of understanding. For instance, in a science lesson a deaf student who reads, in English, a science section of black holes who shows excellent metacognition strategies that are associated to thinking. Then using American Sign Language (ASL) the students informs the teacher his lack of understanding the concept of black holes. Consequently, the teacher then provides an explanation in ASL to the student. The student also uses English text and employs translation together w ith code switching strategies. As such the student is demonstrating metacognitive awareness in informing the teacher that he does not understand. Moreover, he is thinking together with analyzing his thought processes of not comprehending the concept of black holes and shows the ability to communicate that he does not understand (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 29 line 3 to 12). On the other hand, metacognition is also related to reading skills. Mostly, the strategies that are normally used in reading include meta-comprehension and metalinguistic awareness skills. Meta-comprehension is the readers’ awareness and control over their own comprehension. For example, a skilled deaf reader knows how to approach a text, locate an important piece of information, and also how to summarize important points and organize information as well as how to make wise decisions on how to best process the reading task. In addition, good deaf readers also set a purpose for reading, make predictions w ith regard to the meaning, form good hypothesis, form mental judgments, monitor their understanding as they read, use prior knowledge effectively, fix a difficulty when it arises, and realize the variety of strategies they can employ after the comprehension breakdown (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 29 lines 32 to 45). On the other hand, the least skilled deaf readers will tend to rely on the pictures, do not have the ability over the text, misunderstand the text, have limited strategies and tend to get frustrated easily and give in the process (Andrews & Karlin, 2002) (Page 30 lines 1 to 3). Moreover, Andrews and Mason claims that metacognitive skills increase the reading comprehension of the underachieving readers. For instance, although teaching metacognitive comprehension strategies does not automatically guarantee successful reading comprehension among the deaf students, effective instructional approaches will enable the deaf students to use the strategies as a tool to comprehend English texts (Andrews & Mason, 1991) (Page 544 lines 41 to 50). Better readers normally possess good metacognitive strategy and they are also interested in reading as compared to the poor readers (Baker & Beall, 2009) (Page 381, line 8 to 11). Personal experience After knowing the effectiveness of the metacognition