Experimental learning Essay

The group chosen is â€Å"B†. It has to do with Experimental learning (Constructivism). As the name suggests, experiential learning involves learning from experience. It builds a â€Å"bridge† from the known to the new by taking the learner’s perceptions and experiences as the point of departure for the learning process. The theory was proposed by psychologist David Kolb. According to Kolb, this type of learning can be defined as â€Å"the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience. Knowledge results from the combinations of grasping and transforming experience. † The experiential theory emphasizes how experiences, including cognitions, environmental factors, and emotions influence the learning process. In this model the teacher is seen as a learner among learners, his/her role is to facilitate the learning process and the students have an active participation (largely in collaborative small groups). This model puts the emphases on the process (learning skills, self-inquiry, social and communicative skills) and the learner (self-directed learning). Its motivation is mainly intrinsic and the evaluation is process-orientated (reflection on process, self-assessment; criterion-referencing) According to the view of knowledge, is a personal knowledge construction and identification of problem. The curriculum is dynamic; with looser organization of subject matter, including open parts and integration. Group B: Comprehensible input: Comprehensible input means that students should be able to understand the essence of what is being said or presented to them. This does not mean, however, that teachers must use only words students understand. In fact, instruction can be incomprehensible even when students know all of the words. Students learn a new language best when they receive input that is just a bit more difficult than they can easily understand. In other words, students may understand most, but not all, words the teacher is using. Making teacher talk comprehensible to students goes beyond the choice of vocabulary and involves presentation of background and context, explanation and rewording of unclear content, and the use of effective techniques such as graphic organizers. By using context or visual cues, or by asking for clarification, students enhance their knowledge of English. When input is comprehensible, students understand most aspects of what is required for learning, and the learning experience pushes them to greater understanding. Scaffolding and ZPD: â€Å"The Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between what children can do by themselves and the next learning that they can be helped to achieve with competent assistance† The scaffolding teaching strategy provides individualized support based on the learner’s ZPD. The scaffolds facilitate a student’s ability to build on prior knowledge and internalize new information. The activities provided in scaffolding instruction are just beyond the level of what the learner can do alone. The more capable other provides the scaffolds so that the learner can accomplish (with assistance) the tasks that he or she could otherwise not complete, thus helping the learner through the ZPD. Vygotsky defined scaffolding instruction as the â€Å"role of teachers and others in supporting the learner’s development and providing support structures to get to that next stage or level. Play in the classroom: Cook points out that language play includes mimicry and repetition, the explicit discussion of rules and the linking for â€Å"form-driven rather than meaning –driven behaviour†. Play and language play is often a collaborative affair, playful mislabelling and puns often generated extended repair sequences that could be seen as informal â€Å"language lessons† focused on formal aspects of language. Finally, as Cook has pointed out, humour and playful activities occupy large amounts of our real-life existence. The formulaic jokes and dialogue of much ELT may be extremely useful for student language development. Focus on form: It occurs when students direct their conscious attention to some feature of the language, such as verb tense, a new word or structure) It can happen at any stage of a learning sequence as the result of intervention by the teacher, or because students themselves notice a language feature. Focus on form is often incidental and opportunistic, growing out of task which students are involved in, rather than being pre-determined by a book or a syllabus. Affective filter S. Krashen claims for the beneficial value of comprehensible input depends upon students being relaxed and feeling positive and unthreatened. If they are not, then their affective filter is raised and blocks the input from being absorbed and processed. But if, on the other hand, the affective filter is lowered-because students are relaxed- then the comprehensible input the students are exposed to will contribute far more effectively to their acquisition of new language. Noticing It describes a condition which is necessary if the language a students is exposed to is to become language â€Å"intake†, that is language he or she takes in. Unless the student notices the new language, he or she is unlikely to process it, and therefore the chances of learning it are slim. 1. Describe a teaching- learning situation in which all of these words occur. A successful teaching learning situation is when the atmosphere in the classroom is relaxed, happy, and well-ordered (affective filter). Success is a great motivator; both positive and negative feeling will affect the learning process. Therefore, try to make each child feel successful and praise their attempts enthusiastically. Errors need to be corrected, but use positive and tactful feedback so that children feel sure and confident and not be afraid of making mistakes. Games (play in the classroom) provide a natural context for language practice and are very popular with children. They promote the development of wider cognitive skills such as memory, sequences, motor skills and deductive skills. Another important element to take into account in a teaching learning situation is when the student is exposed to an activity where he/she can balance both the familiar and new language. Children develop the confidence to recognize and use the language they already know and the new information with the guide of a teacher (Scaffolding-ZPD) For example: (Presenting new vocabulary) to introduce new words in relation to a unit’s topic, the teacher can bring flashcards to present new vocabulary or posters which offer the learners a more complex visual stimuli. Teacher may also ask students if they know other words related to the topic. In that way, you are exposing children to their previous knowledge. With Flashcards and posters, a number of activities can be carried out: predicting and anticipating, descriptions, mind maps, re-order the stage, mime and point, label the pictures, try to remember (memory games), say as many words as possible about†¦, etc. These ranges of activities allow the teacher to interact with the students in the classroom. For example, use the same flashcards you have been using, and hold them facing you so children cannot see them, after that, show the card for a very short time and ask what’s this? And continue until you have practiced all the words. Besides this, you can teach grammar through examples rather than explanation. Say the student the word you had already taught so that he or she can try to make a sentence using the word given. Apart from that, teacher can use songs or chants where children can practise new target grammar structures or vocabulary. Melody and rhythm are an essential aid to memory. By singing, children are able to forget fears and shyness and practise the language in a joyful way together. Finally, the teacher can use worksheets that can be a great help for students to put into practice everything they have learned. Students are given the opportunity to make productions by themselves. Activities suitable for all edges. 2. Method: Total Physical Response: It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement. Students of any age, especially kinaesthetic learners, benefit from associating language with movement and actions. The more the body is involved in the learning process, the more likely the student is to absorb and retain the information. The majority of class time in TPR lessons is spent doing drills in which the instructor gives commands using the imperative mood. Students respond to these commands with physical actions. Initially, students learn the meaning of the commands they hear by direct observation. After they learn the meaning of the words in these commands, the teacher issues commands that use novel combinations of the words the students have learned. Activities for TPR lessons: Simon says†¦. A typical Total Physical Response lesson might involve the teacher introducing a situation in which students follow a set of commands using actions. For example, ask the children to stand at their desk. Then explain that you are going to give instructions. If the instruction begins with the word Simon says†¦, children must do as you ask. If not, they stand still and wait for the next instruction. Any child who gets this wrong is out of the game and has to sit down. Give tan instruction that is relevant to the unit’s language, e. g. Simon says†¦brush your teeth; Simon says†¦read a comic; Simon say†¦eat cereal. Intermittently insert an instruction which is not preceded by â€Å"Simon says†¦Ã¢â‚¬  to see which children are really paying attention. TPR Storyline: (script) Other ideas in a TPR lesson: Before reading a children’s story, the teacher select some action words and ask the students to perform these actions as you encounter them in the pages. After that, tell students to act out the story with simply drama activities. Play the recording. Pause after each line for children to repeat. Then, divide the class into two groups, with each child having a different role in the story. Each child says the lines of his / her assigned character. The teacher encourages children to perform actions as they speak. Drama, by appealing to the imagination, is an excellent way for children to lose themselves in the story, thereby increasing their communicative ability. Activities mainly use for children Teaching materials Usually props such as pictures, posters or real objects accompany the actions. Some actions may be real while others are pretended. Teaching materials are not compulsory, and for the very first lessons they may not be used. 3. Examples of text books for each method: Presentation, Practice and Production: Presentation – Practice – Production, or PPP, is a method for teaching structures (e. g. grammar or vocabulary) in a foreign language. As its name suggests, PPP is divided into three phases, moving from tight teacher control towards greater learner freedom. Note that some writers use the name to refer to a specific method that focuses on oral skills, but it can also be applied more broadly to a family of related methods which rely on the progression from presentation, through controlled practice, to free production Example taken from â€Å"Excellent† 1 Pupil’s book and Activity Book by Coralyn Bradshaw and Jill Hadfiled -Longman Communicative Language Teaching: Communicative language teaching can be understood as a set of principles about the goals of language teaching (communicative competence). How learners learn a language, the kinds of classroom activities that best facilitate learning, and the roles of teachers and learners in the classroom. Examples taken from the course book: â€Å"Passages 2† Jack C. Richards and Chuck Sandy 1998 Cambridge. Task-Based Learning: Task-based learning focuses on the use of authentic language through meaningful tasks such as visiting the doctor or a telephone call. This method encourages meaningful communication and is student-centred. Characteristics: Students are encouraged to use language creatively and spontaneously through tasks and problem solving Students focus on a relationship that is comparable to real world activities The conveyance of some sort of meaning is central to this method Assessment is primarily based on task outcome. TBLT is student-centred Examples taken from the book: Lexical Approach: The lexical approach is a method of teaching foreign languages described by M. Lewis in the 1990s. The basic concept on which this approach rests is the idea that an important part of learning a language consists of being able to understand and produce lexical phrases as chunks. Students are thought to be able to perceive patterns of language (grammar) as well as have meaningful set uses of words at their disposal when they are taught in this way. In the lexical approach, instruction focuses on fixed expressions that occur frequently in dialogues, which Lewis claims make up a larger part of discourse than unique phrases and sentences. Vocabulary is prized over grammar per se in this approach. The teaching of chunks and set phrases has become common in English as a second or foreign language, though this is not necessarily primarily due to the Lexical Approach. Example taken from the book: â€Å"English in Mind† 1b by Puchta Herbert and Stranks Jeff 2nd edition. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

How to Write a Great Statement of Purpose Essay

Statement of Purpose Growing up in an educated family was a great motivation to find my position in life and establish my own dreams. During my high school education, I started searching for undergraduate programs that matched my personality and interests. After a long journey of searching, I decided to study a major that focuses mainly on health science in order to help people to stay safe and healthy. When I imaged how a small pill can switch people’s lives from hell to heaven, it motivated me to learn more about scientific processes to facilitate these transformations. Once I received my Pharm-D degree from Taif University, I determined to obtain a Master’s degree in the U.S in Pharmacoeconomics, Health Care Outcomes and Clinical Services. I discovered my specific academic passion when I was a senior pharmacy student, during my hospital rotations besides my graduation project. I worked with Professor Abubaker, who is an Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice division at Taif University, on a project titled â€Å"Self-Medication with Antibiotics: A population-based survey in Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.† This project had a great effect on my desire to continue studying pharmacy in graduate school because it showed me that many patients have low awareness of the effects of using wrong or unspecified dose of medication, especially in antibiotics due to either low awareness or social impacts. This matched my experience in five rotations of hospitals and college training as a senior pharmacy student. One of the important rotations to me was when I worked with physicians in a walk-in Ambulatory clinic. I interacted face to face with the patients and observed their treatment plans to raise awareness or make changes . In addition to my internship, I participated in many events during my college years. One of the important participation to me was when I participated in DUPHAT Conference 2015 in Dubai as a conference delegate and student poster presenter of a group graduation project. The concepts of hard work and the commitment to what I am doing and aiming for were reinforced in me by these extracurricular activities. I chose to apply to your program because it offers a highly unique Health Outcomes and Pharmacy Practice program. This program hits two birds with one stone for me. It focuses academically on providing the knowledge and analytical skills, which are necessary to demonstrate the pharmaceutical and healthcare products, to help to improve the health system in order to provide more accurate treatments for patients as well as to reduce health care cost and use budgets appropriately. The other interest of this program is providing six fellowship experiences in areas of specialization. My passion for studying this subject has grown due to the scarcity of specialists and experts in my country. I have researched the faculty of your program to find matches with my interests. I am interested in working with Dr. Linda L. Norton, or with Dr. Veronica T. Bandy, because of their research interests and both of them have experience in teaching Nonprescription therapy and self-care courses, which is the same topic of my graduation project. Also, I am interested in working with Dr. Yvonne Mai, because she has a degree in Pharmacoeconomics, Health Care Outcomes and Clinical Services Fellowship, which is the same as my specialized program. I have looked at all the faculty backgrounds and interests, and Dr. Mai is the only one who has this degree. I believe we can collaborate to take health care and clinical services to a new level in my country due to our same interest field and passions. After I obtain a master’s degree, I will return home to work in one of Saudi Arabia’s Health Ministry Hospitals as a part of my full scholarship agreement. After that, I plan to continue my journey in higher education to transfer my passion to young pharmacy students to improve the health outcomes and pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia.

Advertising’s Positive Influences Essay -- Advertising

Advertising influences people negatively; it convinces people to buy unneeded or unhealthy products. People often waste money on items because they tend to not notice the negative aspects of an item. A nice car, such as the 1954 Cadillac advertisement shown in Laurence Behrens’ and Leonard J. Rosen’s portfolio, is not a required product to have (580-581). However, this advertisement attracts one. When I saw various celebrities in proactive commercials, I decided to buy the product because I believed how effective it was. I did not have great results from Proactive; in fact, I experienced improved results with Aveeno’s Ultra-Calming Facial Cleanser. Although this product was three times cheaper, Proactive influenced me to buy their product by using celebrities in their commercials. Ads including products like cigarettes, influence people negatively because they are harmful to one’s health. As stated in a Camel cigarette ad, cigarettes are clearly dangerous to one’s health, â€Å"Warning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking Is Dangerous to Your Health† (Behrens and Rosen 569). This ad shows a man attracting a woman while ligh... ... middle of paper ... ...me with friends by drinking Miller Beer. Fowles states that Coca-Cola refers to friendship by using the slogan, â€Å"a Coke and a smile† (545). This slogan is saying that if you buy Coca-Cola, you will be cheerful and affiliated. Advertisements influence people more positively than negatively by helping satisfy one’s need to nurture, achieve, and affiliate. To avoid negatively convincing advertisements, you need to appear cautious about a product. Be aware of the pros and cons of a product, look at product reviews, and understand the importance of an item before purchasing one. Works Cited Behrens, Laurence and Leonard J. Rosen, eds. Writing and Reading across the Curriculum. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2011. 566-594. Print. Fowles, Jib. â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals.† Writing and Reading across the Curriculum. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2011. 536-556 Print.

MGMT 459 Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MGMT 459 Organizational Behavior - Essay Example The research identified that the various dimensions of employee motivation were given a practical meaning in the organizations operations from the interview with the leader. The interview created an important forum for the researcher to have a practical sense of the application of the content, process and reinforcement theories of motivation that manifested during the discussions with the leader. From the interview, the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory of motivation was evidently evaluated in a practical dimension from the information provided by the leader. The theory assumes a content perspective and stipulates that motivation comes as a result of the efforts by individual employees to satisfy their needs (Robbins, Judge & Campbell, 2010). Maslow postulates that there are five categories of needs that people aspire to meet. The lowest and the most fundamental are the physiological needs that constitute the need for shelter, food, water and other necessities. The research established that people obtain a self-drive to do their work so that in return for a salary they would meet these basic needs. Second in the rank is the safety needs. Here, the employees require safety and protection in the course of their day to day operations at the workplace. The leader demonstrated how the organization’s performance was bound to fluctuate with different levels of safety and protection in various work settings. Under the social needs category, the employees need love, affection and a sense of belonging to a human community (Robbins, Judge & Campbell, 2010). They too require self-esteem, prestige, recognition, respect and a personal sense of mastery and competence. Finally, individuals have the need for self-actualization. There is the need to grow, fulfill oneself and use ones abilities to the fullest. It was discovered from the interview

Sustainable Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Sustainable Consumption - Essay Example Globalization is a process of integration among people, governments and companies through the mode of international trade, which is aided by the information technology. The procedure has an impact on culture, environment, economic development, political systems and the society. Globalization has helped to form an interdependent and interconnected world, where free transfer of capital as well as goods and services take place across national boundaries (Blowfield and Dolan, 2014). During the middle-ages, individuals, followed by corporations, bought and sold goods through the eminent Silk Road across Central Asia (Hill, Cronk and Wickramasekera, 2013). Likewise, globalization has substantially supported corporations to invest in other countries. Constant technological and policy developments over past few decades can be attributed to globalization. It has spurred a rise in the cross-border migration, investment and trade massively (Young, et al.,2014). The rapid globalization has enabled the world to enter into a new stage of economic development. Since 1950, the volume of trade globally has increased by almost 20 times (Gwynne and Cristobal, 2014). From 1997 to 1999, the inflow of foreign investment has nearly doubled from $468 to $4827 billion (Gwynne and Cristobal, 2014). The entire process of globalization has become cheaper, faster and deeper in the recent past (Daly, 2013). The fresh wave of globalization is driven by policies that have opened the econo mies internationally and domestically. Since the Second World War, the governments of various countries have adapted to the system of free market economy, which has facilitated improvement in their productivity, thereby creating innumerable new prospects for investment and international trade (Hall and Vredenburg, 2012).

Alison Bechdel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alison Bechdel - Essay Example The areas of focus are Alison Bechdel, her psychoanalysis ideals, fiction, comic, tale and abstraction. Introduction There remains a common perception among people that fiction has nothing to do about life’s reality. It has nothing to do about the truth, originality which lies with a person’s life (Bechdel). The comic of Alison Bechdel â€Å"are you my mother?† depicts another story. It tells that fiction do have some connection with a man’s life (Bechdel 1-5). The way the fiction gets formed does hold some colors of life of the person describing it in the fictional sense (Bechdel). Alison Bechdel who has come out as one of the popular comic writers in the cartoon comic industry is a woman of fiction bringing certain connections of her inner self and her life experiences in her abstraction. Bechdel’s writing is a demonstration which tells that fiction is a manifestation of life’s reality. It is the reflection of truth and situations which a p erson faces in his or her life periods (Bechdel 1-5). This report is going to assess the comic tale of Alison Bechdel, with an aim to find out that how fiction relates to reality (Martin). Themes here to analyze are psychoanalysis, psychodrama, fiction, comic tale and art respectively. Based on the derived thesis statement â€Å"fiction is an added color to life† and analyzing â€Å"Are you my Mother?† the report will draw certain findings, results and conclusion (Kothari). Method Adapted In cotemporary research studies, there are different methods being adapted to conduct the research. In the field of psychology, art and social sciences several authors have adapted the method of secondary research (Kothari). Secondary research is a research based on secondary sources (books, journals, news articles and periodicals), providing an explorative ground to the researcher to make the research apprehensive. In viewing the contemporary literature in arts and literature, the re searcher has adapted thematic secondary research method to analyze the Alison Bechdel’s art comic fiction effectively (Bechdel). This method adapted has made the researcher to explore several secondary sources, providing a closer and critical view on â€Å"Are you my Mother?† This method adapted will possibly lead to conclusive findings describing the comic drama in a more comprehensive way (Kothari 95). Results and Discussion The comic drama â€Å"Are you my Mother?† of Alison Bechdel opens up with the first chapter of the book in which Bechdel emphasizes on her inner eloquence that she had kept secret throughout her life’s journey (Garner 3-5). This was a book which Bechdel kept on emphasizing- an inner expression that had endured Bechdel from inside and throughout her life period (Luban 1-2). In the opening chapter when Bechdel was in conversation with her analyst, she expressed that her mother has been a looming psychic presence in her mind (Bechdel). She wanted to bring her out by writing a book which describes the story of her mother and the relationship with her as a growing daughter. Bechdel’s mother was like an ordinary mother as the comic drama explains but the relationship she kept with Bechdel was majorly different from her other children (Luban 2-3). The drama explains that when Bechdel was seven years old, her mother stopped kissing her to the good night bed. It was something disappointing for the child and definitely something which made Bechdel disturbed from inside. As â€Å"Are you my Mothe

War vietnam-Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War vietnam-Iraq - Essay Example These two conflicts while located in different regions of the world have a lot in common as well as a lot different. For the Vietnamese however the conflict had been continuous since 1945 when the Viet Minh began a campaign against French troops based in Haiphong. It was not until the Viet Minh attacked Dien Bien Phu and decimated the French forces that the United States started to send political convoys over.1 In 1961 President John F. Kennedy orders support for the South Vietnamese and begins to send military advisors and support personnel. The first official combat mission conducted by the United States against the Vietcong was 12 January 1962 where United States Helicopters were used to fly South Vietnamese to Saigon in an attack. This also marked the beginning of a ten year conflict that resulted in more than 3 million American serving in the war, 58,000 American dead, and over 2000 missing in action.2 The war while officially over in March of 1973, actively carried on until 30 April 1975 and for many veterans is still raging internally. Similar Iraq has been in conflict both internally and with external powers since 1920 and the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The United States did not become directly involved until Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990. On 9 August 1990 United States troops land in Saudi Arabia and in January 1991 the Persian Gulf conflict began. Between 1991 and 2002 when the United States launched their next full campaign against Iraq, the United States attempted to peacefully end the hostilities but the President Saddam Hussein continues to disobey the regulations and puts Iraq on President Bush’s axis of evil list. On 11 October 2002 the United States congress authorized an attack on Iraq. That next spring on 19 March 2003 President Bush declares war. While as of December 2011 the United States is not actively engaged at war in Iraq, there are still military and political advisors to aid the Iraqi military and government. To date more than 4,400 soldiers have been killed. The Vietnam conflict enlisted those soldiers straight out of high school who thought that their government was right and the war was just.3 It was not until the soldiers hit ground that they realized that corruption, lies, and manipulation were more important than the mission. The mission was to liberate the South Vietnamese against the communist North. The truth was that women, children, and other civilians were being killed in the process. This was the first war that a large number of civilians were killed on a daily basis. Rather the reasons were greed, hatred, or accident, soldiers started to realize that this was not their father’s war. The media while censored was still able to get many of these images back to the United States were the civilian attitude of the war changed. The Iraqi conflict was similar in that many people believed both military and civilian that this was a righteous conflict. Protecting an ethnic group of people from a warlord seemed worthy. As the conflict continued, especially with George W. Bush as President it became clear that this war was not just about cleaning out a bad government but there also ulterior motives. Gas, national resources, and money were all involved in this seemingly straight forward conflict. Soldiers coming home from this conflict are having the same

Film Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Film Music - Essay Example The difficulty of studying the nature of the music for motion pictures derives from the complexity of the medium. Films usually operate through "a conjunction of visual and auditory signals, research into film music requires an understanding of not one but two non-verbal systems of communication, as well as the problematical jargons with which we attempt to describe each of them in speech (Marks, 1997, p. 3)". Currently, few scholars have mastered the field of such specialized studies as music in silent movies. Thus, I have to address that this paper has limitation based on the narrow specialization of the topic. The subject of film music is neglected by researchers, because it spans between two disciplines and its material presents many problems (Marks, 1997). Unlike concert music, film music exists only as an accompaniment to the film and is not included into a repertoire. Especially in music for silent movies, the primary material that has to be researched is not the music, but th e film itself. Consequently, the film music in silent movies has to be studies together with a profound observation of the movie. Music in this sense is in the core of the research and the movie plot stays in the periphery (Marks, 1997). "As we view a film, our minds must contend with the ever-changing content of the moving image and the soundtrack. The individual elements (not just music, but also lighting, camera work, editing, and so forth) are submerged into the flow of images on the screen. Hence the engrossed audience rarely perceives these elements consciously; it is simply carried along by the stream of sights and sounds (Marks, 1997, p.4)." Marks (1997) points out that most of our "information about music and silent cinema dates from after 1910; earlier than that, documents are lacking and extant scores are few (p. 26)." Altman (1998) observes that in the early periods of silent film musical accompaniment was not standard practice. He explains that the US film industry began to introduce normative musical score as accompaniment between 1908 and 1912. Altman (1998) also notes that developing the musical accompaniment was a significant part of the cinematic transformation that was taking part at that time. Efforts were made to stimulate the use of film music and to supervise its quality. Much more attention should be paid on the impact of geography into music. The urbanized east coast versus the less populated western states, the neighborhood trends versus the downtown surroundings have influenced the sound in the silent movies (Altman, 1998). Ethnicity and race and the emergence of African folklore traditions, ragtime an d jazz on the musical accompaniment also placed a cornerstone in silent movies music. After the World War I and the disastrous flu epidemic in the 1918, the 1920s can be characterized as one of the most prosperous years in America. The 1920s are also called "The Roaring Twenties" or "The Jazz Age" (Blundell, n.d). After the World War I, a lot of African Americans who were living in the South, started to move North. Northern America was more industrialized and provided more employment opportunities. Thus, African Americans hoped they could make a better living. 1920s was the time when

Digital Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Digital Business Report - Essay Example The benefits delivered by e-commerce to business organisations are often categorised into two segments including tangible benefits and intangible benefits. Tangible benefits of e-commerce are closely linked with increasing business efficiency, reducing operational costs, retaining and increasing customer base along with better automation of the process. On the other hand, intangible benefits of e-commerce to a business venture are associated with secured transaction, rapid delivery, ease and effectiveness of advertisement among others (Kuzic & et. al., 2002). In a nutshell, the e-commerce business venture idea is to set up a webstore, which will sell second-hand educational textbooks. The webstore is named as textbookpalace and its target customers will include secondary school, A-level, college and university students. The second-hand books will be acquired from libraries, schools, universities, charities, bookstores, and private individuals. However, the major supplier for the second-hand book will be the students who able to sell class notes, old tests and textbook. Contextually, certain challenges are identified with the idea of opening and operating the webstore. The most prominent challenges in this regard are associated with the security and privacy, legal aspect and customer service (Kuzic & et. al., 2002). Moreover, as a tool of project management agile methodology will be used. textbookpalace will use Shopify as an e-commerce platform for creating webstore. The rationale behind choosing Shopify is that it provides the simplest way for creating online store. This platform also provides most of the features required by small retailers while it is also extremely easy to use (IBM, 2011). Besides, it offers numerous essential features such as ease in organising products, customising storefront, accepting credit card payments, tracking and responding to customers’ orders among others (Innovation Pei,

Vitamin C face lotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Vitamin C face lotion - Essay Example Additionally, its density of 1.102 g/cm3 and corresponding melting point of 11 to 13 Â °C, and boiling point of 247 Â °C respectively enables the compund’s existence at room temperature thus to as its wide usage as a preservative. In other cases it is used as an anesthetic where substantial doses can make an individual lose sensation. Majorly, its usage in personal care products to fight bacteria, for instance, in the Vitamin C Face Lotion, the cosmetic product have up to only 1% of the compound, since an exposure above that can prove fatal of human health. There are a number of claims and rumors surrounding this compound ingredient, for example, according to the Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, the phenoxyethanol compound affected brain and nervous system in animals when given at modest doses. In the year of 1990, the Periodical of the American College of Toxicology stated that the phenoxyethanol compound can also cause endocrine disruption which subsequently causes harm to acute pulmonary edema and bladder in animals. Additionally, phenoxyethanol is a scientifically proven skin irritant to the human eyes or

Prevention and Crisis Intervention Essay Example for Free

Prevention and Crisis Intervention Essay A crisis can be a terrible burden on any individual that has or is suffering through one; a crisis can leave a person with a great deal of anxiety and stress. As a crisis intervention worker it is my responsibility to at least try to help those that come into my office. Most that do come to me are going through a crisis of some kind or another and need to work through it. To help them work through their crisis I find that the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is a great asset. The ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is an effective approach because I can provide temporary immediate relief. A crisis can be difficult to define but there are three essential parts for a worker to look for while working with a client to define if they are in or have been in a crisis. These parts are 1) a precipitating event; 2) a perception of the event that causes subjective distress; and 3) the failure of a person’s usual coping methods which causes a person experiencing the precipitating event to function at a lower level than before the event (Kanel, 2007). I should also make sure to use this three parted definition of a crisis only as guidelines, a crisis should be identified for each client on an individual basis. The reason I find the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention so useful is because it provides me with the guidelines to help the client overcome their crisis. The ABC Model can also be broken down into three stages: (A) Building rapport; (B) Identifying the problem; and (C) Coping (Kanel, 2007). My goal is to help the clients change their perceptions of the crisis and assimilate the precipitating event into their daily lives. By doing so we can ensure that they keep and/ or gain ego strength and eliminate the possibility that they will become crisis prone. Today I will be working with a new client named Jill who has come to me seeking help as so many other clients have. Jill informs me that she works long hours and is tired by the time she gets home. She goes on to say that she is usually too tired for intercourse and that because of her lack of sexual responsiveness her husband gets angry. Jill states that he sometimes gets so angry that he does things to her that provokes fear in her. She is even afraid that her husband will find out that she has come to me today for help. The very first thing I did when Jill came into my office was to start the first stage of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention. This stage, stage A, is about building rapport and can be considered the foundation of the therapeutic encounter (Kanel, 2007). First off I informed Jill of her confidentiality so that I may start to gain her trust. I need to gain her trust so that I may be able to help her help herself. Once she does start to feel rapport and begin to trust me then she will become more open to me, allowing the interview to proceed. I tried to be careful with my attending skills so that I could convey to Jill that I was actually listening to her and w as here for her. I used the SOLER method to manage my nonverbal behavior so that I presented a receptive presence. SOLER refers to: (S) Squaring off; (O) Open posture; (L) Leaning in; (E) Eye contact; (R) Relaxed (Cameron, 2008). By that I mean that I sat Square with Jill while keeping an Open posture and Leaning in slightly; I also kept Eye contact and held a Relaxed natural posture. Using the SOLER method alone is not enough so I also was careful with my facial expressions, hand gestures and other body movements as well. Even after being careful on how I act myself I was also careful to observe Jill’s nonverbal communication. Another main aspect was my listening skill; I listened to everything she said and how she said it. The demonstration of attending, observing and listening skills has an impact on effective reflective verbal responses (Cameron, 2008). Paraphrasing, questioning, reflection and summarization are all important aspects that cannot be performed properly without the skills I m entioned. After I had established rapport with Jill and ensured that we had a reciprocal relationship I was then able to move on to the next phase. Stage B of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention is mainly focused around identifying the problem. This can be considered the most crucial aspect of the ABC Model for providing therapeutic interaction. Identifying the precipitating event is important but exploring the client’s perceptions and cognitions are even more important. If I was to actually help Jill then I had to find out her thoughts and feelings revolving around the situation. I already know that Jill is scared of her husband and that he does stuff to her when she does not respond the way he wants sexually. But now that I have gained Jill’s trust and we have moved into the B phase I can now get more specific. I decided to start out with some open-ended questions so that I was able to guide the conversation but also let her take over talking. After the opening question I posed I was then able to tie all of my other questions to what Jill had just said. My reasoning for this is because when a question is posed effectively essential information can be better gathered (Kanel, 2008). In addition to posing my questions the best I could I also made sure to paraphrase throughout the interview. Paraphrasing is very useful because it helps me clarify what my clients have said. It is smart to clarify so that not only you know that you understand what the client has said but also so that they know you understand. I find it vital that the client knows that I really do hear what they are saying and that I want to understand. Clients can feel comfortable knowing that someone is there for them and can be encouraged to continue on. Not only is paraphrasing important but reflection is also valuable no matter what part of the interview process you are in. I had to let Jill know that I understand that she is scared and that I was willing to help her work through her feelings. Jill needed to tell someone that she was scared and knowing that I validated that feeling made her feel more powerful. By being able to express their own feelings clients are then more able to manage those feelings and express them in a more positive manner (Kanel, 2007). Knowing that I was there to hear what she had to say and to accept her feelings Jill was able to feel more comfortable talking. The reason that all of that is so important is because we need to identify the client’s perception of the event. The perception of the event is by far the most crucial because it can be most easily and quickly altered (Kanel, 2007). By knowing how the Jill sees the situation and knowing how she feels I can then reframe. Reframing is aimed to change the internal cognitive experience of the client once the current cognitions are known (Kanel, 2007). Instead of letting her believe she is weak for being scared I reframed Jill’s situation that she is strong for seeking my help today. Reframing is considered part of therapeutic interaction, which helped me aid Jill, as with my other clients, in thinking differently about the situation. I used validation and support statements as well, informing Jill that it was okay for her to be scared and that she is not alone. Further I used educational statements because providing factual information is vital in every crisis (Kanel, 2007). Lastly with the therapeutic interactions I tried use empowering statements so that I could encourage Jill. My main goal was to inform Jill that she is not powerless but that she does have control in her life. Another important aspect that I conducted throughout the B phase was making ethical checks. I had to find out if Jill was vulnerable to suicide and also if she has any homicidal tendencies toward her husband. I also had to discuss with Jill if she has been diagnosed with any mental or emotional problems. Finding out any medications that she was currently taking was my next step. I had to check for substance use and/ or abuse as well, which I did so by using my questioning and probing abilities. The last part of the B phase is summarization which was helpful in allowing me to sum up the interview thus far. The key purpose of summarization is to help the client pull their thoughts together (Kanel, 2007). I also had to make sure that I understood everything Jill said correctly and to clarify anything misinterpretations. Summarizing also helped me make a smooth transition into the next phase of the ABC Model. I was able to gather together everything that Jill and I have discussed and start in on the coping. Coping is the C stage of the ABC Model of Crisis Intervention and is the last step of the process. I started out by asking Jill how she has been dealing with the whole situation thus far. I informed Jill that I needed to know everything that she has been doing whether it has been helpful or not. I had to let her know that crying, sleeping, talking, and even e ating can be considered coping. Jill explained to me more about the situation and what she has done to try to make herself feel better. While Jill was informing me of past and current coping methods I was careful to make mental lists of what seemed to work and what did not. Eliciting unhealthy attempts at coping was especially valuable for Jill. The reason for this is because she was became aware of her behavior she was then more open to alternative methods. I knew that Jill would be more likely to follow through with a plan she has developed herself (Kanel, 2007). This is when I decided to encouraged Jill to start thinking of new and better coping methods. After Jill expressed her own ideas I decided I would then propose some suggestions of other ways of coping. My first suggestion was to contact the authorities about the things her husband does to her. I informed her that there are multiple support groups available to her no matter her choices on. I also let Jill know that if she wanted to try to work things out then marital therapy could be an option for them. Jill was very attentive when I listed different places that could help her and her husband if they wanted to try. Alternatively I suggested different shelters and agencies that she could seek out if she so wished to. With all of the suggested places I offered I was sure to present them in written form as well for her convenience. Clients that feel overwhelmed are more likely to follow through with a referral when it is presented in written form with choices, addresses, phone numbers and fees (Kanel, 2007). I also thought that Jill could do well some bibliotherapy and Reel therapy; I suggested a handful of books and movies that she may be able to relate to. Lastly I suggested that Jill keep a journal and write in it as often as possible and that she may share it with me if she wishes. By now the session was coming to a close and I started to summarize everything we have discussed including the coping methods. I knew that Jill was scared but I informed her that I would like her to commit to trying some new coping methods. When Jill agreed that she would do so I then asked her to be sure to follow up with me at some point. I wanted to help Jill and I really do hope the best for her. But unfortunately the choice of bettering her situation lies in her own hands and she must make the ultimate choice. References Cameron, H. (2008). The Counseling Interview: A Guide for Helping Professions. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillian. Kanel, K. (2007). A Guideline to Crisis Intervention (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomas Brooks/Cole.

Start of experiment Heat Essay Example for Free

Start of experiment Heat Essay Prediction I predict that whenever there is a temperature difference , ehat energy will be transferred by conduction, convection or radiation fro the hotter to the cooler place. This increases the internal enrgy , which is the sum of the kinetic energy and the molecular potential energy of each molecule in an object, of the cooler atoms raising the temperature , and dreases the energy of the hotter atoms , lowering theirs. It continues until the temperature is the same across the region. Conductivity or thermal conductivity is a measure of how good a conductor a material is. The rate of heat energy transfer through an object depends on the conductivity of the material and the temperature gradient. Temperature = t2 -t Gradient X t1, t2+ temps at point 1 and 2 X=distance This is the temperature change with distance along the material . The higher the conductivity and the steeper the gradient, the faster the energy transfer. Heat transfer to polystyrene cup Convection is a way in which heat energy is transferred in liquids and gases. If a liquid or a gas is heated it expands, becomes less dense and rises. Cooler, denser liquid or gas then sinks to take its place. Thus convection current is set up. Coastal breezes used to explain convection currents We use leslies cube in my preliminary work to measure radiation, radiation is a way in which heat energy is transferred from a hotter to a cooler place without the medium, ehich is any substance through which a physical effect is transmitted. This can occur through a vacuum unlike the other two forms of heat transfer. Leslies cube is used to compare powers of radiation We did our own test with the Leslie cube in class here are our results. Start of experiment Heat lost during experiment. Matt black 92 degrees 34 degrees 68 degrees 26 degrees Shiny black 92 degrees 32 degrees 68 degrees 23 degrees Shiny white 92 degrees 29 degrees 68 degrees 19 degrees These results sow that the side, which retains the most heat radiation energy, is the shiny white side and then the shiny black and then the matt black. This is why we will be using a shiny white polystyrene cup for the actual and preliminary work. Factors which affect different types of heat flow are, with radiation and conduction the type of material it is trying to transfer its heat energy to. This is because they all have different atom arrangements which affects how well they are able to conduct heat energy, e. g. Metal conduct heat better than stone does. Convection can be affected by what types of material it is convecting through . e. g. Oil would convect differently with water. Different gases would also be differenyt and affect the rate of convection. To help make the table clearer and to finalise the actual test I decided to do some preliminary testing which would help me to understand things like if the cup I am using would work better with or without a lid. Equipment used Polstyrene cup,thermometer, card board lid ( second test only ),kettle , stop watch and measuring cylinder. I measured out 100cm cubed of water , made sure that the thermometer was at the correct temperature therefore making sure that the water was. I used a polystyrene cup with out a lid on in my first test and with a lid on in my second, this was to see if I would get better results with or without it. These are the rwaults which I gained. Heat energy lost Heat energy lost With out lid With out lid With lid With lid 70 degrees and above 25. 5 degrees. Average 21. 33 degrees 18. 0 degrees Average 18. 0 degrees 16. 0 degrees 18. 5 degrees 22. 5 degrees 17. 5 degrees 50 degrees and above 8. 0 degrees Average 17. 25 degrees 10. 0 degrees Average 10. 5 degrees 10 degrees 10. 0 degrees 16. 5 degrees 11 degrees 30 degrees and above 8. 0 degrees Average 7. 33 degrees 5. 5 degrees Average 5. 5 degrees 11. 0 degrees 5. 0 degrees 3. 0 degrees 6. 0 degrees From this chart you can see that without the cardboard lid the results atre very random and this means that the heat is able to fluctuate greatly as you can tell from my results. I have therefore decided to have a lid on the cup as the results with the lid on seem a lot more constant and the heat isnt allowed to fluctuate as much. I suspect that I will find that heat energy will be lost mostly conductivity and convection rather than radiation as I have tried to reduce the effects of this to as little as possible . For my acual test I will change the integers at which heat is lost from e. g. instead of going 70 degrees and above to 50 degrees and above I will try to have exactly 70 degrees and exactly 65degrees, I will then be able to draw more accurate results from this.

The Significance of Mergers and Acquisition in India

The Significance of Mergers and Acquisition in India The term mergers and acquisition refers to the facet of corporate finance, strategy and management dealing with buying and selling or amalgamating different companies that can help in financial aid or help in increasing the market share and growth without creating another business entity. Important terms used in the world of mergers acquisition, their brief explanation: Merger: is defined as the combination of two or more companies into a single company where one survives and the other loses its corporate existence. The survivor acquires the assets as well as liabilities of the merged company or companies. Amalgamation: Halsburys Laws of England describe amalgamation as a blending of two or more existing undertakings onto one undertaking, the shareholders of each blending company becoming substantially the share holders in the company which is to carry on the blended undertaking. Section 2 (a) of Income Tax Act defines: Amalgamation in relation to companies means the merger of two or more companies to form one company in such a manner that: All the properties of the amalgamating company or companies just before the amalgamated company by virtue of amalgamation become the properties of amalgamation. All the liabilities of the amalgamating company or companies just before the amalgamation become the liabilities of the amalgamation; become the liabilities of the amalgamated company by virtue of amalgamation. Shareholders holding not less than three-fourth in value of shares in the amalgamating company or companies becomes the shareholders of the amalgamated company by virtue of amalgamation. Consolidation: is the fusion of two existing companies into a new company in which both the existing companies extinguish. The small difference between consolidation and merger is that in merger one of the two or more merging companies retains its identity while in consolidation all the consolidating companies extinguish and an entirely new company is born. Acquisitions/Takeovers: This refers to purchase of majority stake (controlling interest) in the share capital of an existing company by another company. It may be noted that in the case of takeover although there is change in management, both the companies retain their separate legal identity. Leveraged Buyouts: It means any takeover which is routed through a high degree of borrowings. In simple words a takeover with the help of debt. Management Buyouts: It refers to the purchase of the corporation part or whole of shareholding of the controlling / dominant group of shareholders by the existing mangers of the company. Sell Off: General Term for divestiture of part or whole of the firm by any one or number of means: i.e. sale, spin off, split up etc. Spin Off: A transaction in which a company distributes all the shares it owns in a subsidiary to its own shareholders on pro-rata basis then creates a new company with the same proportional shareholding pattern as in the parent company. Split Off: A transaction in which some, but not all, shareholders of the parent company receive shares in a subsidiary, for relinquishing their parent company shares. Split Up: A transaction in which a company spins off, all of its subsidiaries to it shareholders and ceases to exist. Equity Carve Out: A transaction in which a parent company offers some common stock of one of its subsidiaries to the general public, so as to bring in a cash infusion to the parent company without losing the control. TYPES OF MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS Mergers can be classified into three categories: On the basis of movement in the industries Horizontal Mergers These involves merger of two firms operating and competing in the same line of business activity. It is performed with a view to form a larger firm, which may have economies of scale in production by eliminating duplication of competitions, increase in market segments and exercise of better control over the market. It also helps firms in industries like pharmaceuticals, automobiles where huge amount is spent on RD to achieve a critical mass and reduce unit development costs. Example: India cements acquiring Raasi Cement. Vertical Mergers These take place between two or more firms engaged in different stages of production. The main reason for vertical merger is to ensure ready take off of the materials, gain control over scarce raw materials, gain control over product specifications, increase in profitability by eliminating the margins of the previous supplier/ distributor and in some cases to avoid sales tax. Example: Tea Estate Ltd merging with Brooke Bond Ltd. Conglomerate Mergers Conglomerate merger refers to the merger of two or more firms engaged in unrelated line of business activity. Example: GNFC acquiring Gujarat Scooters. Two important characteristics of conglomerate mergers are: A conglomerate firm controls a range of activities in various industries that require different skills in the specific managerial functions of research, applied engineering, production and marketing. The diversification is achieved mainly by external acquisitions and mergers and not by internal development. Consolidation Mergers This involves a merger of a subsidiary company with parent company. The reasons behind such mergers are to stabilize cash flows and to make funds available for the subsidiary. In consolidation mergers, economic gains are not readily apparent as merging firms are under the same management. Still, Flow of funds between parent and the subsidiary is obstructed by other consideration of laws such as taxation laws, Companies Act etc. Therefore, consolidation can make it easier for to infuse funds for revival of subsidiaries. One the basis of method or approach Leveraged buyouts Management buyouts Takeover by workers On the basis of response/relation Friendly Takeovers Hostile Takeovers Acquisition is buying of Target Company by another. It may be friendly or aggressive. In friendly acquisitions the companies cooperate and negotiate with each other whereas in aggressive the target company is not willing to be sold but it is with no prior knowledge. The word acquisition is used when a large company overtakes small but when the small overtakes large it is called reverse takeover or merger. MERGER MOTIVES The merger motives are as follows: Growth Advantage / Combination Benefits: The companies would always like to grow and best way to grow without much loss of time and resources is too inorganically by acquisition and mergers. Example: Merger of SCICI with ICICI ITC Classic with ICICI Acquisition of Raasi cement by India cement Dharani Cement and Digvijay cement by Grasim Modi cement by Gujarat Ambuja. Diversification: The companies could diversify into different product lines by acquiring companies with diverse products. The purpose is to diversify business risk by avoiding putting all eggs into one basket. Example: All Multi-product companies Synergy: When the companies combine their operations and realize results greater in value than mere additions of their assets, the synergy is said to have been resulted. Example: Merger of Ranbaxy and Crossland Laboratories. Market Dominance / Market Share/ Beat Competition: The predominant market share or market dominance has always driven the executives to look for acquiring competitive companies and create a huge market empire. Example: Acquisition of Tomco by Hindustan Lever Computer Associates International Acquired around twenty software companies. Consolidation in cement industry Nicholas Piramal Ltd. has merged into itself. Technological Considerations: It refers to enhancing production capacities to derive economies of scale. Example: Acquisition of Corus by Tata. Taxation Benefits / Revival Of Sick Units: Section 72 A provides for revival of sick units by allowing accumulated losses of the sick unit to be absorbed by the healthy units subject to compliances to the conditions of the provisions. Acquiring Platform: When a company would like to expand beyond geographical limits and acquire platform in the new place the best way would be to acquire the companies. Example: Acquisition of Parle by Coke. METHODOLOGY ANALYSIS Objective: To inspect and analyze the trends and progress of MA in Indian market and corporation. To analyze year-wise trends with the variance. Hypotheses: With the above objective in mind certain hypotheses are: No major difference in the amount and number of deals in MA between the industries and between the years No major changes between service and manufacturing sector in MA growth The table 1 shows the trends of MAs in India from the year 2000 to 2007. Food Beverages India is the second largest producer of food Beverages, first being China. The food market is expected to be USD 182 billion and it is two thirds of the total retail market in India. The carbonated drinks market is worth USD 1.5 billion whereas the market for juice is worth USD 0.25 billion. The market for fruit drinks is growing at 25%. The major reasons for MA concept commenced in this industry are deregulation, restructuring of parent companies, disinvestments and existing foreign players. Textile Industry The Indian textile industry was unorganized until liberalization of economy of India. After that there was an astounding growth in this industry and it is one of the largest in the world. 27% of foreign exchange is from textile exports. This industry is 3% of GDP and it involves 21% of the total employment in the country. The major reasons for growth of MA are the growth of handlooms, closure of mills etc. Chemicals, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals This sector accounts for 70% of the demands for drugs, formulations, tablets, chemicals etc. There are almost 250 large and 8000 small manufacturers and suppliers in Pharma sector. The growth rate of this industry is almost 14%. The reason for the growth of MA in this sector is due to the fundamental changes in this sector and the emergence of WTO Non-Metallic Mineral Products The major reasons for the growth of MA in this sector are mainly because the Indian economy has slowed down, SME are finding difficult to raise the funds and are not able to handle the pressure from global market. Information Technology and Telecom The factors for the growth of MA are up-gradation and expansion of the telecom industry, services and networks. Automobiles and Ancillaries Globalization is approaching and pushing foreign players merge and upgrade the technology and infrastructure, increase the product range and cut costs. Also there is huge competitive pressure due to the existing foreign players leading to growth in MA. The pie chart (Figure 2) gives the sector-wise division in 2007 Figure 2: Sector-wise division Analysis of MA in manufacturing and service sectors Table1 shows the Trends and progress in terms of number of deals and Table 2 in terms of value of deals. Table1: Industry-wise Trends Growth of MAs in India (Number of deals) Table2: Progress and Trends in MA in number of deals (as calculated from Table1) Table 3: Industry-wise Trends Growth of MAs in India (in Rs. Cr.) Table 4: Progress and Trends in MA in value of deals (as calculated form Table 2) Number of Deals Value of deals: The progress and trends of MA considered in number and value of deals in manufacturing and services sectors have been calculated by using t-test and ANOVA analysis. On the basis of Table 2 and Table 4 the number of deals in service sector is lower in the first 4 years but reverses in the last 3 years. So there is no major association between these two sectors Table5: Two-way ANOVA- Sector-wise Number of Deals (as calculated from Table 1) Table6: Two-way ANOVA-Sector-wise Value of Deals (as calculated from Table 3) ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY DATA RESEARCH AND FINDINGS From the calculations done above, it is observed that the number of deals has decreased from 1300 to 1007 i.e. almost 18%. There can be various reasons for this decrease, some are as follows: The slowdown of the economy With no prior knowledge management makes a choice of MA leading to decrease in profits Economic crisis in the period of 2004-2007 Dropping market capitalizations and uncertainty in the economy From the above analysis it is concluded that: Total amount of deals increased by 613% In manufacturing sector the value of deals increased by 273% whereas it increased by 1217% in service sector Total number of deals decreased by 18.5% i.e. from 1322 to 1075 In manufacturing sector the number of deals decreased by 844 to 440 i.e. 47.2% decrease whereas in service sector deals increased from 480 to 636 i.e. 33% increase. THEORIES OF MERGER The phenomenon of merger and acquisitions has been explained by different theories as under: Efficiency Theories Differential Efficiency: If the management of firm A is more efficient than the management of firm B and if after firm A acquires firm B, the efficiency of firm B is brought up to the level of efficiency of firm A, efficiency is increased by merger. Features: There would be social gain as well as private gain. This may also be called managerial synergy hypothesis. Limitations: If carried to its logical extreme, it would result in only one firm in the economy, the firm with greatest managerial efficiency. Inefficient / underperforming firms could improve performance by employing additional managerial input through direct employment / contracting. Inefficient Management: Inefficient Management refers to non performance up to its potential level. It may be managed by another group more efficiently. Features: Inefficient Management represents management which is inept in absolute sense. Differential management theory is more likely to be basis for horizontal merger; inefficient management theory could be basis for mergers between firms of unrelated business. Limitations: Difficult to differentiate differential management theory from inefficient theory. The theory suggests replacement of inefficient management. However empirical evidence does not support this. Operating Synergy: Operating synergy or operating economies may be achieved in horizontal, vertical and even conglomerate mergers. Features: Theory is based on the assumption that economies of scale do exist in this industry and prior to merger, firms are operating at the levels of activity that fall short of achieving the potential for economies of scale. Economies of scale arise because of indivisibilities such as people, equipment overhead which provide increasing returns if spread over a large number of units of output. Pure Diversification: Diversification of the firm can provide the managers and employees with job security and opportunity for promotion and other things being equal, results in lower costs. Even for owner manager diversification is valuable as risk premium for undiversified firm is higher. Diversification has value for many reasons: Demand for diversification by managers, other employees Preservation of organizational and reputation capital Financial and tax advantages Diversification helps preserving reputational capital of the firm, which will be lost if firm is liquidated. Strategic Realignment to Changing Environment: Strategic planning is concerned with firms environment and constituencies, not just operating decisions. The speed of adjustment through merger would be quicker than internal development. Features: Strategic planning approach to mergers implies either the possibilities of economies of scale or tapping an underused capacity in the firms present managerial capabilities. By external diversification the firm acquires management skills for augmentation of its present capabilities. A competitive market for acquisitions implies that the net present value from merger and acquisition investment is likely to be small. Nonetheless if synergy can be used as a base for still additional investments with positive net present values, the strategy may succeed. Agency problems Agency problem arises when a manager owns a fraction of ownership shares of the firm. This partial ownership may cause managers to work less vigorously than other wise and / or consume more perquisites, (luxurious offices, company cars, membership of clubs) because majority owners bear most of the cost. Agency costs include: Cost of structuring a set of contracts Cost of monitoring and controlling the behavior of agents by principals. Cost of bonding to guarantee that agents will make optimal decisions or principles will be compensated for consequences of sub-optimal decisions. Residual loss: i.e. welfare loss experienced, by the principals arising from the divergence between agents decisions and decisions to maximize principals warfare. This residual loss can arise because the cost of full enforcement of contracts exceeds the benefits. Takeover as solution to Agency Problems: Agency problems can be controlled by organizational or market mechanism: A number of compensation arrangements and market for managers may mitigate agency problems. Stock market gives rise to external monitoring device, because stock prices summaries the implications of decisions made by managers. Low stock prices exert pressure on managers to change their behavior and to stay in line with interest of shareholders. When these mechanisms are not sufficient, market for takeover provides an external control device of last resort. A takeover through a tender offer or proxy fight enables outside managers to gain control of decision process of Target Company, while circumventing the existing managers and Board of Directors. Free Cash flow hypothesis Pay out of free cash flow can play an important role in dealing with conflict between managers and shareholders. Payout of free cash flow reduces the amount under control of managers and reduces their power. Further they are subject to monitoring in capital market when they seek to finance additional investment with new capital. A free cash flow must be paid out to shareholders if firm is to be efficient and to maximize share price. Further they are subject to monitoring in capital market when they seek to finance additional investment with new capital. Managers arrange cash flows also by issuing debts / leveraging. In leveraged buyouts, increased debt increases risk of bankruptcy cost in addition and agency costs. Optimum debt / Equity Ratio will be where the marginal cost of debt equals marginal benefit of debt. Market Power Mergers increase a firms market share. It is argued that larger volume of operations through Mergers and Acquisitions result in economies of scale. But it is not clear whether this price required by the selling firm will really make acquisition route more economical method of expanding a firms capacity either horizontally or vertically. An objection often raised against permitting a firm to increase its market share by merger is that it will result into undue concentration in the industry. Value increase by Redistribution Value increases under merger on account of redistribution among the stake holders of the firm. Shifts are from the Bond holders to stock holders and from labor to stock holders and / or consumers. DE-MERGER AND REVERSE MERGER DE-MERGER De-merger essentially means bonafide separation of the key business assets and reorganizing the business in such a manner that though there is separation in favor of another company, atleast 50% of the equity stake in two companies continues to be common. Section 2 (19AA) was introduced by Finance Act of 1999 defining De-Merger Examples: Sterlite Industries and Sterlite Optical Sterlite which was a diversified company with presence both in non-ferrous metal as well as Telecom cables decided to de-merge both the business into separate companies. The spin off was done in the ratio of 1:1. Raymonds Ltd: Raymonds sold of Cement and Steel business to become one again, a purely fabric and garment company. The whole exercise fetched Raymonds Rs. 1140 crores. This enabled it to reduce high cost debts as well as buyback its own shares. Thus financially as well as in terms of shareholder value it was a correct step. REVERSE MERGER Reverse merger takes place when a healthy company merges into a financially weak company. Under the Companies Act there is no difference between regular merger and reverse merger. It is like any other amalgamation. On Amalgamation merger automatically makes the transferee company entitled to the benefits of carry forward and set off of loss and unabsorbed depreciation of the transferor company. There is no need to comply with Section 72 of Income Tax Act. On amalgamation being effective, the weak companys name may be changed into that of a healthy company. Example: Case Study- Kirloskar Oil Engines merging into Prashant Khosla Pneumatics Ltd In April, 1994, Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd. (KOEL) took over the management control of Prashant Khosla Pneumatics Ltd. (PKPL) a Delhi Based Company having its works at Nasik. PKPL became a sick unit as on 31st March, 1994 and went into BIFR in June 1994. ICICI was appointed as Operating Agency who invited bids for PKPL for revival. KOEL made a bid although PKPL was already under its control. KOELs bid was accepted and confirmed by BIFR. Main objective in the takeover was to make use of PKPLs engine plant for KOELs large engine activity. PKPL take over added to KOELs assets, two plants located at MIDC, Nasik on MIDC leased land of 80,000 sq. mtrs. A scheme for revival of PKPL through reverse merger of KOEL with PKPL was submitted to BIFR and was sanctioned in February 1996. Accordingly, KOEL merged in PKPL, and name of PKPL stood changed KOEL on 1st March, 1996 which was the effective date of amalgamation. Again of merged company for 1994-95 was held in April 1996 and consolidated accounts for the year ended 31st March, 1995 were adopted. Delay of 7 months for holding AGM was condoned by BIFR. This merger did not affect in any way KOEL shareholders. PKPL capital of Rs. 218 lakhs was reduced by 95% to 11 lakhs and KOEL shares were exchanged for PKPL shares in the merged company in the ratio of 1 for 20. PKPL shareholders were paid 5% dividend for 1994-95 and full dividend for 1995-96. 56% of PKPLs capital held by its holding company was transferred at agreed price of Rs. 75 lakhs to KOEL associate company which subsequently got shares in the merged company. The scheme provided for certain matters without going through the formalities under companys Act, under powers of BIFR such as Change of name of Transferee Company from PKPL to KOEL. Memorandum of association (MOA), articles of association (AOA) of Transferor Company becomes MOA and AOA of Transferee Company. Auditors of Transferee Company to automatically cease to hold office and auditors of the transferor company to become auditors of the transferee company. MD and ED of Transferor Company to continue as such in Transferee Company without reappointment and without break. Authorized capital of Transferee Company to stand increased from Rs. 5 crores to Rs. 27 crores. Transferee Company to allot to shareholders of Transferor Company, shares in Transferee Company. Share certificates of Transferor Company not to be called back and replaced by new certificates. ICICI to be issued 4,75,000 equity shares in transferee company without complying with Section 81 (1A) and SEBI guidelines on preferential issue. Stamp duty on transfer of property and share certificates was saved. Premium payable to MIDC saved only loans for fee paid. PKPL revival resulted into both the plants being operative- Direct employment to more than 300 people working. POST MERGER SCENARIO Key steps to successful Post Acquisition Management (Figure 3) Figure 3: Steps for Successful Acquisition Success constitutes two important factors: Meeting the objectives Enhanced shareholder value Short lived mergers: Some Examples Merger of ICICI and Anagram: When employees of Anagram Finance heard that ailing firm was to be merged with ICICI there was a sigh of relief. But two months later, reality was bitter. Out of 450 staff only 140 were repaired and all others were given pink slips with 3 months severance pay. Takeover of Merind by Wockhardt: There was exodus of top management team of Merind. CIBA and Sandoz merged to form Novartis: 115 out of 120 managers of new corporate office were Sandoz people with Sandoz Indias erstwhile MD John Simon ailing the shareholders. POST MERGER INTEGRATION SEVEN RULES BY MAX HABECK- FRITZ MICHAEL TRAM Vision Guide post merger Integration with a clear and realistic vision derived from through business due diligence. Research Findings: 78% of mergers are mistakenly driven by fit, and not vision. Around 58% of mergers fail. Examples: M A Cases That Have Failed On Account Of Lack of Vision or Unrealistic Vision AT T and NCR: In the late 1980s American Telephone and Telegraph still had assets such as Bell Labs to go with long distance telephone services it kept after the 1984 anti-trust break up. The company had a grand vision of a technological synergy between its expertise in telecommunications and NCRs expertise in computer technology. After years of intense searching, hampered by management changes as well as cultural frictions, no synergies were found. The presumed fit between telecommunication equipment and computer hardware failed to turn up. AT T spun off the remains of NCR around five years later at a loss of around $ 3.5 billion, nearly half of what it initially paid. Sony Pictures: Sony acquired Columbia Pictures in 1989 for $ 5 billion. However, Columbia had difficulties in generating the successful software to begin with. Rapidly rising salaries of stars and lack of success at box office culminated in Sony making operating loss of around $ 500 million. The company wrote off $ 2.7 billion. The losses were attributed to abandonment of large number of projects and settlement of outstanding lawsuits. However, instead of divesting the unit, Sony made management changes and imposed stricter controls. Columbia is now a part of Sony Pictures Entertainment, which represented just fewer than 10% of Sony Groups Worldwide Sales of around $ 50 billion. Examples of Successful cases of M A driven by Vision: Acquisition of Salomon Inc. by Citigroup Ford Motor Acquisition of AB Volvo. Leadership- Its Critical Establish It Quickly Research Findings: Leaderships urgency is often neglected. Some 39% of all companies faced a leadership vacuum because they failed to make the establishment of leadership a priority. A merger without strong leadership in place from its early days will drift quickly and drift is deadly. Growth- Merge to Grow, Focus On added Value not on Efficiency Synergies Research Findings: 76% of the companies surveyed focused too heavily on efficiency synergies. 30% of the companies virtually ignored attractive growth opportunities such as cross selling possibilities or knowledge sharing in research and development. Most Successful Growth through Mergers: Cisco Systems: This fortune 500 company has grown since its founding in 1984, thanks to a combination of organic growth and successful integration of 25 acquisitions. Cisco has almost quadrupled its revenue since 1995 to $ 8.5 billion and its net income tripled to $ 1.3 billion. It holds a market share of around 80% routers and switches which form the internet infra structure. Making mergers is and will continue to be absolutely essential for Cisco to maintain its rapid growth and enhance its competitive advantages. CONCLUSION The practice of Mergers and Acquisitions and restructuring of business entities has achieved a lot of importance and significance in todays corporate world. Due to the cut-throat competition in the global market pushed Indian companies to opt for this strategic option in order to sustain in the marketplace. There are various factors for making MA deals constructive in India such as Government policies are dynamic, stability in the economy, ready-to-experiment approach of the firms etc. Some additional and recent facts about MA: The value of MA is increasing every year in India; it almost increased seven fold to USD 4.2 billion in August 2010 from USD 629 billion in 2009 The number of deals (outbound) increased to USD 3.35 billion in 2010 from USD 60 million The number of domestic deals increased from 20 to 27 but the value of deals decreased from USD 521 million to USD 364 million in2010. From the study it is observed that companies get involved in MAs to increase the shareholders earnings by increasing the revenue or decreasing the cost. It also increases the market share provided if management is careful about the MA and has a prior knowledge of it. Synergy should be achieved with MA but at times it does not happens so the companies need to work to control the synergy and allow new company to go ahead and look for new business growth possibilities.

Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†, to me was about a man swindled into being killed. Before you die, your whole life flashes before your eyes. But for this man, it was not his life, but what could’ve happened instead of him dying being played out in his mind. Peyton Farquhar was a slave owner from Alabama that highly supported the south. The story started out with Farquhar standing on the edge of the bridge all tied up 20 or so feet above the swift moving river. There were soldiers posted all around so he could not run away even if he did end up getting free and running for it. You no idea of what was going on and, you could tell that the situation was very serious. Farquhar’s eyes were not blind folded so he could see everything that was going on. His main focus was the water, and the driftwood floating down stream. At this point he was already thinking of ways to escape his death that was very near.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then shortly after you find out how Farquhar got him self into the trouble. A solider dressed in gray came to his house asking for water and since he was strongly for the south his wife was more than happy to give the solider a drink. So while she was getting the drink, Farquhar sat down to talk to the man. The soldier told him about how the union were going to use the railroad and, getting ready to make a move. So he asked the solider if he destroyed the bridge if it would indeed stop the on coming union or at least slow them down enough f...

My Family Tradition Essay -- Personal Narrative Divorce Marriage Essay

My Family Tradition While preparing for this paper, I thought very hard about any specific traditions that my family has or has had in the past. Although thinking and brainstorming for a long time I could not come up with one tradition that my family has. I think that the main reason for that is because, almost everyone in my family has gone through a divorce. Ending a marriage seems to be very popular in our society today, one statistic states that, â€Å"50% of first marriages end in divorce.† However common divorce may be the pain and heartbreak seems meaningless, until it happens to you. The reason why I can’t think of any family traditions is because all of my family traditions have been ripped apart because of two people’s ill feelings toward each other. Therefore, my family tradition is divorce. I know it seems strange for a family tradition to be divorce, but opening presents on Christmas Day and eating a fancy dinner on Thanksgiving, have all been overshadowed by something far more traditional in my family. My great-grandmother and great-grandfather lived in England and brought eight beautiful daughters into this world. Two years after my grandmother and her twin were born; my great-grandparents ended a 15-year marriage in divorce. When my grandmother was 17 she met my grandfather an American man who was in the US Air Force. Shortly after their meeting, they found out they were having a baby and were married soon after. My grandmother then moved to the States and they began their life together. Eventually the Rains family had two more children, my mother and my Uncle Les. Unfortunately, this was never a fairytale life for any member of the family. My grandfather was an alcoholic, due to the stress in his job and be... ... the biggest impact that divorce will have on me as a teacher is, that I realized that the best thing I could give these children is love. Because of all the heartbreak in my family, I know that love is one thing that no one can live without. School is more than reading and writing, it is about life and I feel that the biggest part of life is love and being loved. Even though I have been through such a horrible experience, I am not alone in this world, nor will I be the last one to ever go through such an experience. Mariah Carey, who is my favorite singer, writes the following. The words describe a part of me that isn’t always seen, which is, the part of me that is fighting to move on from this experience. â€Å"I know there is a rainbow for me to follow to get beyond my sorrow, thunder precedes the sunlight, so I’ll be all right, lf I can find that rainbow's end."

Ancient Egyptian Culture :: Egypt Ancient World Culture

Somewhere around 1375 years before the birth of Christ, an Egyptian pharaoh publicly changed his name. That change signalled a return to long-standing tradition, a hallmark of Egyptian culture that flourished for more than three thousand years peacefully in the rich Nile River valley. The king had been called Tutankhaton. The last portion of his name, aton, was the name for the sun-god, which, in the years before the king's reign, had achieved preeminence among the competing deities in Egyptian religious tradition. The king changed his name to the one by which he is known today -- TUTANKHAMEN or, more popularly, King Tut -- and ended the brief experiment in monotheism in favor of the older religion with its promise of an afterlife. And what an afterlife the pharaoh would have! Embalmed in order to endure the elements of disintegration, richly attired to attest to his fabulous earthly wealth, magnificently housed to remind all on-lookers of the towering greatness of the entombed human -- the pharaoh lived on in perpetual association with the stone structures that rose portentously out of the hot, barren sands of the desert so close to the life-giving, greening Nile. And the solemn bearing of these great structures reminds people today of the human hope for immortality and the way an entire culture fashioned a collective immortality in astonishing stone. Here was a culture that would persist, just as its pharaohs would live on in their silent palaces. More interesting, perhaps, is the collective underwriting of the PYRAMIDS. No fewer than 70,000 workers would have been needed to lug limestone blocks from desert miles away to the building sites. Yet there is little evidence that the pharaohs had to coerce their subjects to leave their fields and families in order to build a monument whose completion any single worker would certainly never see.

When termination of pregnancy is permissible

The debate about termination of pregnancies has been raging for a long time and it has been pitting the pro abortionists who believe that abortion is permissible under certain circumstances and the anti abortionists who believe that abortion is not permissible under any circumstance. From a logical perspective, the pro abortionists seem to be sensible because there are certain situations where abortion must be carried out. There are some situations where abortion is moral and ethical meaning that it is permissible.One of the situations where abortion is permissible is when abortion is permissible is when the life of the mother is in danger. When the life of the mother is in danger, do you save the mother or the child?. This situation can be supported by the ethical theory of utilitarianism. This theory states that any act is ethical and moral if it is done to benefit the larger percentage of the society and an act is unethical if it is done to the detriment of a larger percentage of the society.It this theory is brought into the issue of pregnancy it is easy to understand why termination of pregnancy is permissible in case the life of the mother is at risk. The question that one needs to ask is; who between the child and the mother is more beneficial to the society? The mother could be a woman who has some other children who need to be taken care of. The mother could be a breadwinner in her family. This mother could be a public servant and her demise would affect the services she used to render to the nation. The mother is a relative and a friend to many people and her demise would affect them emotionally.However, this child does not have as much value to the society as the mother meaning that the life of the child is not as important as that of the mother (Sedgh 2007). Therefore , saving the life of the mother, from a utilitarian point of view is more beneficial to the society more than saving the life of the child. Saving the life of the child while letting t he mother to die is not ethical because this will present a problem for the child who will have to grow without motherly care and love while the society will place an extra burden to the society which will have to bring up a child in the absence of the mother.Therefore, in case the life of the mother is threatened by a pregnancy, then termination of such a pregnancy is permissible and supported by the ethical theory of utilitarianism. Another instance under which abortion is permissible is when a woman becomes pregnant after an incident of rape. Though pregnancies arising from rape are rare it is important to note that some pregnancies occur after incidences of rape. Why is pregnancy that arises after an incidence of rape permissible? To start with, rape is a tragic act that violates the body of a woman and also affects her mental health a great deal.Psychiatrist s argue that the mental health of the woman can be safeguarded if a pregnancy arising from such tragic acts such as rape is terminated. From a legal point of view, it is argued that rape is an act of violation, a grave injustice meaning that it is unjust to force such a woman to carry a pregnancy arising from rape to viability. The pregnancy will keep reminding the woman of the violence committed against her and this would last for nine months of the pregnancy and whenever she sees the child.This would make the woman live with a lot of mental anguish. From a utilitarian perspective, it is quite ethical and moral to terminate this pregnancy because the mental health of the woman is of a higher value than the life of the fetus. From a humanitarian perspective, the fetus is also considered an aggressor against the integrity and the personal life of the woman and it is defensible and permissible to terminate the pregnancy as a way of defending the personal and human values of the woman because these values are robbed of her by the violent act of rape.Those opposed to abortion argue that termination of a p regnancy arising after an incident of rape is not permissible because that pregnancy can avoided according to these anti abortion activists, conception does not occur immediately after sexual intercourse meaning that pregnancy can be avoided in all instances of rape especially if the victim receives medical treatment immediately after the attack to remove the male semen from the uterus to ensure that fertilization does not take place.However these people fail to realize that rape is a traumatizing act that destabilizes the mental state of a victim meaning that making decisions such as visiting a medical center for immediate treatment may not be easy for the victims. It is good to avoid the pregnancy by seeking instant medical help but in case the pregnancy occurs then it is very permissible to terminate it to safeguard the mental health of the mother.There are other anti abortionists who argue that the unborn children resulting from rape have the right to live because they are as in nocent as the mother. They claim that the rapist is the aggressor and not the unborn, but it is important to note that the child will always remind the woman of the violent action during the entire pregnancy and even after the birth of the child. The mother may not be able to give utmost love and care to the child because the child is unwanted and brings traumatic memories to the mother.This means that relieving the mental suffering of the mother is more important than the right to live of the fetus meaning that is ethically permissible to terminate a pregnancy arising from an incident of rape (Finer, 2000). The third instance where termination of a pregnancy is permissible is a situation where a woman gets pregnant as a result of incest. However, this situation depends with the nature of incest because if the woman willingly participates in an incestuous intercourse, then termination of such a pregnancy is not permissible.However, if the woman was forced by the second party to part icipate in an incestuous intercourse against her will, then a pregnancy arising out of such a situation can be terminated without moral and ethical questions being raised. This is because there are very few differences between a forced incestuous intercourse and rape. Both of them violate the dignity and the mental stability of the woman and a child arising out of such an intercourse is usually an aggressor towards the woman.The child will forever be a reminder to the woman of that degrading incident that violated her dignity and self worth and this will affect the mental health of the woman for a long time. Just like in rape where the pregnancy is terminated to safeguard the mental health of the woman, a pregnancy arising out of a forced incestuous intercourse can be terminated because the mental health of the woman is more important than the value of life of an unborn fetus, who in the first place is an unwanted child who will never get enough motherly love, care and attention fro m the mother.The fourth circumstance may appear controversial but a deeper look into the argument will expose the logic. According to some pro abortionists, women can be forced to carry a pregnancy to viability just because it is unethical to terminate that pregnancy but the question that arises is; is that woman ready to bring up the child. The woman may have engaged in a sexual activity with a man after mutual consent but gets pregnant accidentally, meaning that she wasn’t ready for the pregnancy.This kind of a pregnancy is called an unwanted pregnancy. In most cases, when women give birth after carrying an unwanted pregnancy to viability, they are never able to give their children the relevant motherly love, care and attention and they usually neglect these children meaning that they are never able to enjoy quality life. Some of these women especially in the third world countries throw the children away after birth or when they are very young and these children usually bec ome street children.The big question that arises is; which is more ethical between giving birth to an unwanted child then let the child to suffer for their entire life or terminating an unwanted pregnancy before the fetus becomes a human being. The later seems to be more ethical because it prevents the lifetime suffering of an innocent child. This means that if a woman feels that she cannot really take care of the child she is carrying despite her being responsible for its conception, then the termination of such a pregnancy is morally and ethically permissible.Moreover, women have an ethical claim to their body meaning that thy have bodily autonomy which should be regarded as integral to the conception of an ethical and free society that embraces democracy. This autonomy is an ethical necessity meaning that no one should force a woman under any circumstance to carry a pregnancy to viability (Bankole,1998). There are some cases where women are forced to terminate pregnancies because of their careers. Is this termination of pregnancy defensible and permissible?When a woman really knows that she cannot be a good mother and abort the child they are carrying, they are making the most ethical decision ever because it would be quite unethical to give birth to a child one cannot care for. This means that in such a situation, abortion is permissible. Some of the instances described above may appear controversial especially to those who approach the debate with a closed mind. While religious doctrines and values are not inferior to the secular approach, it is important to note that religious values cannot be a background for tenets that apply to all citizens. List of referencesBankole, A. 1998, Reasons Why Women Have Induced Abortions: Evidence from 27 Countries. International Family Planning Perspectives, 24 (3), 117–127 and 152. Retrieved 2006-01-18. Finer, L. 2005, Reasons U. S. women have abortions: quantative and qualitative perspectives. Perspectives on Se xual and Reproductive Health, 37 (3), 110–118. Retrieved 2006-01-18. Sedgh, G, 2007, â€Å"Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends†. Int Fam Plan Perspect 33 (3): 106–16. World Health Organization. 2004, â€Å"Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2000†. Retrieved 2009-03-22.

Enlightenment Vs Romanticism

Enlightenment vs. Romanticism The enlightenment was an 18th century movement that emphasized reason to change society and advance knowledge. The enlightenment changed how people all over Europe, and later North America, thought about religion, hierarchy, monarchy, and science. People began to question the church and there was a loss of unity in the Christian church. It was a time in which people began to think more about themselves without the influence of the government and their church. The enlightenment brought an age of rational, scientific and secular thinking. TheEnlightenment resulted in greater freedom and more humane treatment for all individuals as well as the scientific process. Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century. It emphasized on individual's expression of emotions and imagination. Some people see it as the opening to modernity and others see it as the as the beginning of a tradition of resistance to the enlightenmen t. I see Romanticism as the new movement for cultural and aesthetic values and the rise of individualism. The way I understand it, enlightenment is more about basic morality and knowledge.Romanticism is more self-oriented, more about self-discovery. If I had to choose to which side I favor the most I'd go with the enlightenment because I believe more about that man are created equal and that education is important. However I can also favor romanticism because I believe every individual deserves freedom but also need to follow the rules so that we can be an orderly society. Hollywood Censored During the sass to sass moral censorship guidelines were established for many films produced by major studios in the United States.During the early sass there ere numerous of films that were morally questionable because they contained hardcore words, mature subject, and sexually suggestive dialogue. This lead to the creation of the motion picture production code, which established a series of re strictions to the production of films in the US. The church had to get involved on this subject because they were scared that their people would be morally hit. They turned in a list of the things that had to be restricted in the studios. Many of the restrictions were implemented because the studios didn't want the government to intervene.Many films even promoted traditional values that crime and sexual elation's were not attractive. Films showed that crimes had to be punished. Like in the movie surface the producers had to change the ending multiple times, the character was brought into trial at last. The studios worked under code for several decades until the sass when explicit films started appearing again and then in 1968 the code was dismissed and a new way of classifying films was established such as G for general, M for mature, and so on. I believe that the code was a good way to minimize crime because I think violent movies do a commit crimes. T us and make individual